Warning Signs for Parents -Warning Signs: How to Protect Your Kids Book Source Notes

WARNING SIGNS: How To Protect Your Kids From Becoming Victims or Perpetrators of Violence and Aggression

Suggested reading and source notes from the scientific literature, national and news organizations

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SUGGESTED READING

Beck, Aaron T. Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence. New York: Harper Collins, 1999.
Berdahl, Laurie, and Brian D. Johnson. 7 Skills for Parenting Success. Greeley, CO: JB Family Publishing, 2009.
Borba, Michele. Building Moral Intelligence: The Seven Essential Virtues That Teach Kids to Do the Right Thing. San Francisco: Josey-Bass, 2001.
Borba, Michele. UnSelfie: Why Empathetic Kids Succeed in Our All-About-Me World. New York: Touchstone, 2016.
Cohen-Sandler, Roni, and Michelle Silver. I’m Not Mad, I Just Hate You!: A New Understanding of Mother-Daughter Conflict. New York: Viking, 1999.
Coloroso, Barbara. The Bully, the Bullied, and the Not-So-Innocent Bystander: From Preschool to High School and Beyond: Breaking the Cycle of Violence and Creating More Deeply Caring Communities. New York: Harper Resource, 2016.
Dorn, Michael. Staying Alive: How to Act Fast and Survive Deadly Encounters. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2014.
Edgette, Janet Sasson. Stop Negotiating with Your Teen: Strategies for Parenting Your Angry, Manipulative, Moody, or Depressed Adolescent. New York: Perigee, 2002.
Garbarino, James. Listening to Killers: Lessons Learned From My 20 Years as a Psychological Expert Witness in Murder Cases. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015.
Garbarino, James. Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them. New York: Free Press, 1999.
Gottman, John, and Joan DeClaire. Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child: The Heart of Parenting. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.
Greene, Ross W. The Explosive Child: A New Approach for Understanding and Parenting Easily Frustrated, Chronically Inflexible Children. New York: HarperCollins, 2014.
Greene, Ross W. Raising Human Beings: Creating a Collaborative Partnership with Your Child. New York: Scribner, 2016.
Grossman, Dave, and Gloria DeGaetano. Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action against TV, Movie & Video Game Violence. New York: Crown Publishers, 1999.
Hyland, Terry L., and Jerry Davis. Angry Kids, Frustrated Parents: Practical Ways to Prevent and Reduce Aggression in Your Children. Boys Town, NE: Boys Town Press, 1999.
Kimmel, Michael. Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.
Kurcinka, Mary Sheedy. Raising Your Spirited Child: A Guide for Parents Whose Child Is More Intense, Sensitive, Perceptive, Persistent, and Energetic. 3rd edition. New York: HarperCollins, 2015.
Lickona, Thomas. Character Matters: How to Help Our Children Develop Good Judgment, Integrity, and Other Essential Virtues. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Safe Havens International Inc., Michael Dorn, Sonayia Shepherd, Steve Sat- terly, and Chris Dorn. Staying Alive: How to Act Fast and Survive Deadly Encounters. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s Educational Series, 2014.
Severe, Sal. How to Behave So Your Children Will, Too! New York: Viking, 2000.
Simmons, Rachel. Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls. New York: Harcourt, 2002.
Simon, George K. Character Disturbance: The Phenomenon of Our Age. Little Rock, AR: Parkhurst Brothers, 2011.
Solomon, Andrew. Far from the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity. New York: Scribner, 2012.
Steinberg, Laurence. You and Your Adolescent, New and Revised Edition: The Essential Guide for Ages 10–25. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Swearer, Susan M., Dorothy L. Espelage, and Scott A. Napolitano. Bullying Prevention and Intervention: Realistic Strategies for Schools. New York: Guilford Press, 2009.
Szalavitz, Maia, and Bruce D. Perry. Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered. New York: William Morrow, 2010.
Walsh, David. Why Do They Act That Way? - Revised and Updated: A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen. New York: Free Press, 2014.

Book Source Notes

Page Beginning of Sentence

Introduction

vii Charlotte was a free spirit “Charlotte Helen Bacon,” Newtownkindness.org (note: tribute has changed since book publication),http://www.newtownkindness.org/who-we-are/meetcharlotte/

vii Perhaps wanting to warn the public, Adam’s father Andrew Solomon. “The Reckoning: The Father of the Sandy Hook Killer Searches for Answers,” Annals of Psychology, The New Yorker, March, 17, 2014,http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/the-reckoning.

viii Many of these behaviors are part of bullying “Bullying Dbefinition,” Stopybullying.gov,http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/index.html.

ix How many youth are victimized? Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(7), 614‐621.

ix In 2013, almost six hundred thousand young people Report generated using the WISQARS database, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/nonfatal.html.

ix A hundred years ago, infectious diseases Rebecca Tippett, “Mortality and Cause of Death, 1900 v. 2010,” Carolina Demography, UNC Chapel Hill, June 16, 2014, http://demography.cpc.unc.edu/2014/06/16/mortality-and-cause-of-death-1900-v-2010/.

ix While homicide isn’t a top ten cause of death in adults 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States – 2014, report generated using the WISQARS database, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html.

ix Reports indicate that of the one in five females “Sexual Violence: Facts at a Glance 2012,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv-datasheet-a.pdf.

ix Most sexual violence goes unreported Callie Marie Rennison, “Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000,” [NCJ 194530], US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics (August 2002), http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsarp00.pdf.

ix Audrie Pott, a bright, lovely fifteen-year-old girl Beth Stebner, “Audrie Pott Suicide: Details of Online Chats Emerge a Year after Teen Killed Herself Following Alleged Assault and Cyberbullying,” New York Daily News, September 18, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-details-revealed-audrie-pott-cyber-bullying-suicide-article-1.1459904.

ix In 2013, 17% of high school students seriously considered Laura Kann, Steve Kinchen, & Shari L. Shanklin, et al., “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 63(4):11-12, (June 13, 2014), http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6304a1.htm.

ix More than fifty-two hundred teens and young adults Detailed Tables for the National Vital Statistics Report (NVSR) “Deaths: Final Data for 2013,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Table 10, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_02.pdf.

ix Deplorably, millions of children begin their lives as victims “Child Maltreatment 2013,” US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau (2015), http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf; Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Ormond, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics 167(7), 614-621.

x Associated costs are estimated at $124 billion “Child Maltreatment: Facts at a Glance 2014,” National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/childmaltreatment-facts-at-a-glance.pdf; “Long-term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013), https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/long_term_consequences.pdf.

x Cynthia Alvarez was found guilty of murder Jack Leonard, “Teen Guilty in Murder of Mother, Stepfather,” Los Angeles Times, May 11, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/11/local/la-me-teen-murder-20130511.

x The Bureau of Justice Statistics indicates that children killing parents Alexia Cooper and Erica L. Smith, “Patterns & Trends: Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980-2008,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics (November 2011), http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf.

x Although it’s fortunate that aggression against parents Hong, J. S., Kral, M. J., Espelage, D. L., & Allen-Meares, P. (2012). The social ecology of adolescent-initiated parent abuse: A review of the literature. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 43:431–454. doi 10.1007/s10578-011-0273-y

x Rates of violent crimes committed by male youths Moretti, M. M., Catchpole, R. E. H., & Odgers, C. (2005). The dark side of girlhood: Recent trends, risk factors and trajectories to aggression and violence. Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review 14(1), 21-26.

CHAPTER ONE

Disconnected and Troubled Home Lives Linked to Danger

1 “He was there for you…” Andrew Solomon, Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 595.

1 Close parent-child relationships are one of the bulwarks Connor, J. J., & Rueter, M. A. (2006). Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality. Journal Of Family Psychology, 20(1), 143-155. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.143; Loeber, R., Pardini, D., Homish, D. L., Wei, E. H., Crawford, A. M., Farrington, D. P., . . . Rosenfeld, R. (2005). The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1074-1088. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1074

1 On April 20, 1999 “Columbine High School Shootings Fast Facts,” CNN.com,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/18/us/columbine-high-school-shootings-fast-facts/.

1 For the Klebolds, in what must be Andrew Solomon, Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 591.

2 A good summary of how aspects of parenting Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 719-788). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Page 765-766

2 A low-quality parent-child relationship Stewart-Brown, S. L., & Schrader-Mcmillan, A. (2011). Parenting for mental health: What does the evidence say we need to do? Report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project. Health Promotion International, 26, Suppl. 1, i10-i28. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar056

2 Luckily, these same parenting elements Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1406-1416. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.64.6.1406; Lereya, S.T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1091-1108. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001

3 Strong relationships protect kids against becoming victims by Stewart-Brown, S. L., & Schrader-Mcmillan, A. (2011). Parenting for mental health: What does the evidence say we need to do? Report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project. Health Promotion International, 26, Suppl. 1, i10-i28. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar056; Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1406-1416. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.64.6.1406; Vieno, A., Nation, M., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2009). Parenting and antisocial behavior: A model of the relationship between adolescent self-disclosure, parental closeness, parental control, and adolescent antisocial behavior. Developmental Psychology 45(6), 1509-1519. doi:10.1037/a0016929

3 They help kids cope with the common stressors Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Elmore, C. A., & Montes de Oca, J. (2013). Maternal parenting behaviors and child coping in African American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 607-617. doi:10.1037/a0033414

3 A close connection starts early NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2006) Infant-mother attachment classification: Risk and protection in relation to changing maternal caregiving quality. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 38-58. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.38

3 What are some hallmarks of good parent-child relationships Locke, L. M., & Prinz, R. J. (2002). Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(6), 895–929. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00133-2

5 Negative emotions or disregard for children often begins Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3; Nix, R. L., Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A. (1999). The relation between mothers’ hostile attribution tendencies and children’s externalizing behavior problems: The mediating role of mothers’ harsh discipline practices. Child Development, 70(4), 896–909. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00065

5 Parents can misinterpret failure Nix, R. L., Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A. (1999). The relation between mothers’ hostile attribution tendencies and children’s externalizing behavior problems: The mediating role of mothers’ harsh discipline practices. Child Development, 70(4), 896–909. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00065

5 It’s common to have unrealistic expectations for behavior during early childhood Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 157.

5 Toddlers often say no and disobey Edwards, C. P., & Liu, W. (2002). Parenting toddlers. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed,), Handbook of Parenting (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 45-71). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 57.

5 When parents overreact with anger or punish small children Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3; Edwards, C. P., & Liu, W. (2002). Parenting toddlers. In M.H. Bornstein (Ed,), Handbook of Parenting (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 45-71). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 58. Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 204.

5 On average, well-adjusted children Robert J McMahon and Rex Forehand, Helping the Noncompliant Child: Family-Based Treatment for Oppositional Behavior, Second Edition, (New York: Guilford Press, 2003), 3-4.
Available at https://books.google.com/books?id=apIeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=normal+rates+of+child+compliance&source=bl&ots=DAEFGFgUOi&sig=pFLU2hhwsQCdGiGPKyBAkW2KP74&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6pNWsrrnLAhXqwYMKHXPLCeoQ6AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=normal%20rates%20of%20child%20compliance&f=false

6 Although good enough grades Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 26(3), 176–186. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00065-8

6 Healthy emotional expression is an important part Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 65.

6 When a child isn’t allowed to express emotions Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (2006). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and ecological perspectives. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 429–504). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, pp. 440.

6 Encouraging kids to express emotions helps Webster-Stratton, C., & Hancock, L. (1998). Training for parents of young children with conduct problems: Content, methods, and therapeutic processes. In J. M. Briesmeister, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of Parent Training: Parents as Co-therapists for Children’s Behavior Problems (pp. 98-152). New York: John Wiley & Sons, page 116; Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 65. Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 41-43.

7 Expressing uncontrolled anger toward children Renk, K., Phares, V., & Epps, J. (1999). The Relationship Between Parental Anger and Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Family Psychology 13(2), 209-227. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.13.2.209; In J. M. Briesmeister, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of Parent Training: Parents as co-therapists for Children’s Behavior Problems (pp. 98-152). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 117-128; Leung, D. W., & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Predicting inept discipline: The role of parental depressive symptoms, anger, and attributions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 524–534. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.524; Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 201-230.

7 You see, what we think leads to Johnson, B.D. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral approaches in counseling and psychotherapy. In H.E.A. Tinsley, S.H. Lease, & N.S. Giffin Wiersma (Eds). Contemporary Theory and Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy (pp. 264-292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

7 Inaccurate negative thoughts about our kids Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3; Nix, R. L., Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A. (1999). The relation between mothers’ hostile attribution tendencies and children’s externalizing behavior problems: The mediating role of mothers’ harsh discipline practices. Child Development, 70(4), 896–909. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00065; Leung, D. W., & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Predicting inept discipline: The role of parental depressive symptoms, anger, and attributions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 524–534. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.524; Richard Abidin, Early Childhood Parenting Skills: A Program Manual for the Mental Health Professional (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), 157, 201-243.

8 Conflict is normal in every family, but when Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 719-788). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 757-759; Webster-Stratton, C., & Hancock, L. (1998). Training for parents of young children with conduct problems: Content, methods, and therapeutic processes. In J. M. Briesmeister, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of Parent Training: Parents as Co-therapists for Children’s Behavior Problems (pp. 98-152). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 124-128.

8 Research clearly shows that parents arguing Webster-Stratton, C., & Hancock, L. (1998). Training for parents of young children with conduct problems: Content, methods, and therapeutic processes. In J. M. Briesmeister, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children’s behavior problems (pp. 128-131). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 116.

10 A son of a minister was convicted of the murder of his mother Edecio Martinez, “Game Over for Teen Who Killed Mother Over Video Game,” CBS News, June 17, 2009, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/game-over-for-teen-who-killed-mother-over-video-game/.

11 In addition to the quality of your connection Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(6), 3263-3277. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01913.x; Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 26(3), 176–186. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00065-8

11 Discipline methods can strengthen (or erode) your connection while protecting (or weakening) Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 39-40; Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 457–465. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.457

11 Good relationships lead kids to want to please you Vieno, A., Nation, M., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2009). Parenting and antisocial behavior: A model of the relationship between adolescent self-disclosure, parental closeness, parental control, and adolescent antisocial behavior. Developmental Psychology 45(6), 1509-1519. doi:10.1037/a0016929; Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2006). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 305–318. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.305; Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487

11 Here are research-backed discipline features Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In Larzelere, R.E., Morris, A. S. & Harrist, A. W. (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 37-41; Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 574–587. doi:10.2307/353561

11 Why do some children learn kindness Cavell, T., Harrist, A., & Vecchio, T. D. (2013). Working with parents of aggressive children: Ten principles and the role of authoritative parenting. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 165-188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 178-180.

12 In the book Character Matters Thomas Lickona, Character Matters: How to Help Our Children Develop Good Judgment, Integrity, and Other Essential Virtues (New York: Simon & Schuster Touchstone, 2004), 44-49.

12 Michele Borba also describes Michele Borba, Building Moral Intelligence: The Seven Essential Virtues That Teach Kids to Do the Right Thing (San Francisco: Josey-Bass, 2001), 71-79.

12 Inconsistent discipline is a significant factor Kazdin, A. E. (1996). Problem solving and parent management in treating aggressive and antisocial behavior. In E. D., Hibbs, & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 377-408). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 379-380.

13 Setting rules on prosocial, nonaggressive behaviors Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’ s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(6), 3263-3277. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01913.x; Cavell, T., Harrist, A., & Vecchio, T. D. (2013). Working with parents of aggressive children: Ten principles and the role of authoritative parenting. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 165-188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 178-180.

13 Also, if you want your kids to disapprove of things Cavell, T., Harrist, A., & Vecchio, T. D. (2013). Working with parents of aggressive children: Ten principles and the role of authoritative parenting. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 165-188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, page 180.

14 When tirades result in kids getting what they want Edgette, Janet Sasson. Stop Negotiating with Your Teen: Strategies for Parenting Your Angry, Manipulative, Moody, or Depressed Adolescent (New York: Perigee, 2002), 38.

14 Friends reported that Harris and Klebold had experimented Mark Obmascik, Kevin Simpson, and Stacie Oulton, “Parents Blindsided by Plot,” The Denver Post, November 22, 2000, http://extras.denverpost.com/news/col1122.htm.

14 When children aren’t monitored enough Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D., Koeppl, G., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreatment, 10(2), 92–107. doi:10.1177/1077559504273684

14 Monitoring is an essential part of preventing victimization Low, S., & Espelage, D. (2014). Conduits from community violence exposure to peer aggression and victimization: Contributions of parental monitoring, impulsivity, and deviancy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 221-231. doi:10.1037/a0035207

15 Keep in mind that research has shown that the best way Vieno, A., Nation, M., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2009). Parenting and antisocial behavior: A model of the relationship between adolescent self-disclosure, parental closeness, parental control, and adolescent antisocial behavior. Developmental Psychology 45(6), 1509-1519. doi:10.1037/a0016929

15 Perceiving a close, loving relationship Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2006). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 305–318. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.305; Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 37, 40.

16 As suggested in the informative book, Staying Alive: Safe Havens International Inc., Michael Dorn, Dr. Sonayia Shepherd, Steve Satterly, and Chris Dorn, Staying Alive: How to Act Fast and Survive Deadly Encounters (Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s Educational Series, 2014), 79-80.

16 In 2012, a mother turned in her twenty-year-old son John M. Glionna, “Missouri Man Plotted ‘Twilight’ Theater Shootings, Police Say,” The Los Angeles Times, November 16, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/16/nation/la-na-nn-twilight-missouri-police-shooting-20121116; Russell Goldman, “Cops Stop Alleged 'Twilight' Movie Theater Gun Plot,” abcnewsgo.com, Nov. 16, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/US/cops-stop-alleged-movie-theater-gun-plot/story?id=17742369.

17 As opposed to inadequate monitoring, excessive Kakihara, F., Tilton-Weaver, L., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2010). The relationship of parental control to youth adjustment: Do youths’ feelings about their parents play a role? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1442-1456. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9479-8

18 Psychological control means taking advantage Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72(2), 583-598. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00298

18 Another type of monitoring—hovering Finnegan, R.A., Hodges, E.V.E., & Perry, D.G. (1998). Victimization by peers: Associations with children’s reports of mother–child interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 1076–1086. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.1076

19 Harshly punished kids have more troubles Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D., Koeppl, G., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreatment, 10(2), 92–107. doi:10.1177/1077559504273684; Cole, D. A., Martin, N. C., Sterba, S. K., Sinclair-McBride, K., Roeder, K. M., Zelkowitz, R., & Bilsky, S. A. (2014). Peer victimization (and harsh parenting) as developmental correlates of cognitive reactivity, a diathesis for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 336-349. doi:10.1037/a0036489

19 Plus, research now shows that spanking Knox, M. (2010). On hitting children: A review of corporal punishment in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(2), 103-107. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.03.001

19 A large 2010 study Taylor, C. A., Manganello, J. A., Lee, S. J., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Mothers' spanking of 3-year-old children and subsequent risk of children's aggressive behavior. Pediatrics,125(5), e1057-65. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2678

19 Spanking meets the definition of violence Knox, M. (2010). On hitting children: A review of corporal punishment in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 24(2), 103-107. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.03.001

20 Many experts now view spanking as harsh punishment Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D., Koeppl, G., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreatment, 10(2), 92–107. doi:10.1177/1077559504273684

21 Tragically, more than 6% of children Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013) Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(7). 614‐621; Sherry Hamby, David Finkelhor, Heather Turner, and Richard Ormrod, “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Justice Bulletin (October 2011), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.

21 In their lifetimes, one in five American women and one in seven men “Intimate Partner Violence: Consequences: Cost to Society,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/consequences.html.

21 Witnessing intimate partner violence is a common way Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witness to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339; Sherry Hamby, David Finkelhor, Heather Turner, and Richard Ormrod, “Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Family Violence,” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Justice Bulletin (October 2011), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.

21 Living with domestic violence makes youth significantly more likely to be abused “Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children,” UNICEF, Child Protection Section, 2006.

21 Growing up with domestic violence compounds Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Fitzmaurice, G., Decker, M. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Witness of Intimate Partner Violence in Childhood and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence in Adulthood. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),21(6), 809–818. http://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f39f03; Spaccarelli, S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Bowden, B. S. (1995). Exposure to serious family violence among incarcerated boys: Its association with violent offending and potential mediating variables. Violence and Victims, 10(3), 163-182.

21 Domestic violence costs “Intimate Partner Violence: Consequences: Cost to Society,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/consequences.html.

22 The father of seven-year-old Evan Ramsey Langman, P. (2009). Rampage school shooters: A typology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.10.003

22 Although it doesn’t always happen, studies show neglected kids Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D., Koeppl, G., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreatment, 10(2), 92–107. doi:10.1177/1077559504273684

22 James Garbarino, the author of Lost Boys, demystifies James Garbarino, Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can save Them (New York: Free Press, 1999), 80-82.

22 Children who are physically abused “Long-term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013), https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/long_term_consequences.pdf.

23 Here in the United States, we have the worst record “Child Maltreatment 2013,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau (2015), http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf.

23 The costs associated with child abuse and neglect “Long-term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013), https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/long_term_consequences.pdf.

24 Drug availability in neighborhoods Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(3), 176-186. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00065-8

24 But research suggests that the nature of these neighborhoods Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 319–331. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.319

24 First, consistent monitoring and enforcing rules Low, S., & Espelage, D. (2014). Conduits from community violence exposure to peer aggression and victimization: Contributions of parental monitoring, impulsivity, and deviancy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 221-231. doi:10.1037/a0035207.

24 Third, there’s evidence that access to safe and successful schools Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 319–331. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.319

25 Adam Lanza was evaluated for mental health problems “Shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Report of the Office of the Child Advocate,” November 21, 2014, http://www.ct.gov/oca/lib/oca/sandyhook11212014.pdf.

25 Peter Lanza reported that he thought his wife Nancy’s pride Andrew Solomon. “The Reckoning: The Father of the Sandy Hook Killer Searches for Answers,” Annals of Psychology, The New Yorker, March, 17, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/the-reckoning.

26 According to the US Department of Justice, we had OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book, April 27, 2015. Available online at http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/qa08201.asp?qaDate=2013; Tierney Sneed, “What Youth Incarceration Costs Taxpayers,” US News & World Report, usnews.com, Dec. 9, 2014, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2014/12/09/what-youth-incarceration-costs-taxpayers.

26 Community and residential home center rehabilitative treatment Pennell, J., Shapiro, C., & Spigner, C. Safety, fairness, stability: Repositioning Juvenile Justice and child welfare to engage families and communities. Center for Juvenile Justice Reform, May, 2011, pp. 14. Retrieved from
http://www.juvenilecouncil.gov/materials/2011_5/Center%20for%20Juvenile%20Justice%20Reform%20paper%20web.pdf.

CHAPTER TWO

Perilous Thoughts and Emotions and Their Solutions

27 “You girls have never been attracted to me…” Megan Garvey, “Transcript of the disturbing video 'Elliot Rodger's Retribution',” LATimes.com, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-transcript-ucsb-shootings-video-20140524-story.html.

28 First, we need to comment on how young brains Siddiqui, S. V., Chatterjee, U., Kumar, D., Siddiqui, A., & Goyal, N. (2008). Neuropsychology of prefrontal cortex. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3): 202–208.

28 This remodeling period is when crucial learning occurs Huttenlocher P. Neural Plasticity: The Effects of Environment on the Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2002.

28 Entitlement involves an inflated sense of self-worth Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45.

29 A sense of entitlement Fossatia, A., Borronia, S., Eisenberg, N., & Maffeia, C. (2010). Relations of proactive and reactive dimensions of aggression to overt and covert narcissism in nonclinical adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 36(1): 21–27; Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., Furukawa, E., Kopelovich, S., Meyer, P., & Cosby, B. (2012). Reliability, validity, and predictive utility of the 25-item criminogenic cognitions scale (CCS). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(10): 1340–1360. doi:10.1177/0093854812451092; Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2011). Self-esteem, narcissism, and machiavellianism: Implications for understanding antisocial behavior in adolescents and young adults. In C. T. Barr, P. K. Kerig, K. K. Stellwagen, & T. D. Barry, (Eds.), Narcissism and machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior (pp. 47-67). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Jativa, R., & Cerezo, M. A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimization and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1180–1190.

29 Inflated self-esteem can manifest as entitlement Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2011). Self-esteem, narcissism, and machiavellianism: Implications for understanding antisocial behavior in adolescents and young adults. In C. T. Barr, P. K. Kerig, K. K. Stellwagen, & T. D. Barry, (Eds.), Narcissism and machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior (pp. 47-67). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, p. 55.

29 Self-esteem differs from entitlement Deater-Deckard, K., Ivy, L., & Smith, J. (2006). Resilience in gene-environment transactions. In S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (p. 53). New York: Springer, 53.

30 An analysis of thirty mass school shootings Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4): 451–464.

30 For instance, the Columbine High School shooters Ralph Larkin, Comprehending Columbine (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), 6.

31 We suspect that aggrieved entitlement may also apply to Elliot Rodger’s Ralph Ellis and Sara Sidner, “Deadly California Rampage: Chilling Video, but No Match for Reality,” CNN.com, May 27, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/24/justice/california-shooting-deaths.

31 Where is the line between entitlement and narcissism? Konrath, S., Meier, B. P., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). Development and validation of the single item narcissism scale (SINS). PLoS ONE, 9(8): e103469. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0103469journal.pone.0103469

31 In his book Character Disturbance George K. Simon, Character Disturbance: The Phenomenon of Our Time (Little Rock: Parkhurst Brothers, 2011), 102, 106-107.

31 But researchers also describe narcissism in youth Barr, C. T., Kerig, P. K., Stellwagen, K. K. & Barry, T. D. (Eds.). (2011). Narcissism and machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

31 Because some of these traits are seen in mild forms in normal teens American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. P. 647.

31 Multiple studies have linked overindulgent parenting Horton, R. S. (2011). On environmental sources of child narcissism: Are parents really to blame? In C. T. Barr, P. K. Kerig, K. K. Stellwagen, & T. D. Barry, (Eds.), Narcissism and machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior (pp. 125-143). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

32 Here are some warning signs of entitlement Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. (There is a popular impression that entitlement has dramatically increased in society,

32 Entitlement can lead youth to manipulate people Matthew B. James, “Are You Being Influenced or Manipulated?,” Psychology Today, (September 10, 2013), https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/focus-forgiveness/201309/are-you-being-influenced-or-manipulated.

35 Anger is a normal emotion that can motivate Mark Dombeck, “Some Thoughts About Victimization, Anger And Abuse,” MentalHelp.net, July 5, 2007, https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/some-thoughts-about-victimization-anger-and-abuse/.

35 In contrast, rage American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Pg 466-469.

35 The inability to regulate anger in youth is linked Silver, M. E., Field, T. M., Sanders, C. E., & Diego, M. (2000). Angry adolescents who worry about becoming violent. Adolescence, 35(140), 663-669; Eisner, M. P., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 794-841). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 817; Herts, K. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2012). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40:1111–1122. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9629-4

35 Research points to multiple origins of anger problems Umhau, J. C., Trandem, K., Shah, M., & George, D. T. (2012). The physician’s unique role in preventing violence: a neglected opportunity? BMC Medicine, 10:146.

35 It’s very important to understand anger and aggression from a developmental Eisner, M. P., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 794-841). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 803.

36 Temper tantrums, meaning anything Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and Antisocial behavior in Youth. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 3, 6th ed., pp. 719-788). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Page 725

37 Assertiveness doesn’t hurt others Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & and Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 95- 118. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x

38 When a seventeen-year-old soccer player got mad Jackie Castillo, “Referee Punched in Face by Teen Player Dies,” CNN.com, May 6, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/05/us/utah-soccer-death.

38 Responding by doing the same thing Fauteux, K. (2010). De-escalating angry and violent clients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(2), 195-213.

40 Terry Hyland and Jerry Davis, authors Terry L. Hyland and Jerry Davis, Angry Kids, Frustrated Parents: Practical Ways to Prevent and Reduce Aggression in Your Children (Boys Town, NE: Boys Town Press, 1999), 114.

40 In the future, when your children are angry and talk Tammy D. Barry and John E. Lochman, “Aggression in Adolescents: Strategies for Parents and Educators,” National Association of School Psychologists, Helping Children at Home and School II: Handouts for Families and Educators, S4-1 to S4-4.

41 In The Explosive Child, Ross Greene points out Ross W. Greene, The Explosive Child (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 194-195.

41 One therapy that has shown good results Umhau, J. C., Trandem, K., Shah, M., & George, D. T. (2012). The physician’s unique role in preventing violence: a neglected opportunity? BMC Medicine, 10:146.

42 A thought pattern that can feed rage, aggression, and violence Eisner, M. P., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 794-841). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 816; Helfritz-Sinville, L. E., & Stanford, M. S. (2014). Hostile attribution bias in impulsive and premeditated aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 45–50.

42 They can also make rejection by peers more likely Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & and Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 95- 118. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x

42 Other thought patterns linked to rage include Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 3–56; Raymond Lloyd Richmond, PhD, “Borderline Personality Disorder,” A Guide to Psychology and its Practice, http://www.guidetopsychology.com/bpd.htm; Eisner, M. P., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 794-841). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 803, 821.

43 Dylann Roof, a twenty-one-year-old white male Ray Sanchez and Ed Payne, “Charleston Church Shooting: Who is Dylann Roof?,” CNN.com, June 23, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-suspect; Ralph Ellis, “Photos of Unsmiling Roof on Manifesto Website Show Symbols, Gun,” CNN.com, June 21, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/20/us/charleston-shooting-website; Joseph Tanfani, and Richard A. Serrano, “Families of Charleston 9 Forgive Shooting Suspect In Court,” Los Angeles Times, http://www.courant.com/hc-charleston-shooting-0620-20150619-story.html

43 A hate crime is defined as “Hate Crime,” The National Crime Prevention Council, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/hate-crime.

43 The number of these crimes is increasing “How Parents Can Teach Kids about Diversity,” The National Crime Prevention Council, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/hate-crime/diversity; “Tolerance for Teens,” National Crime Prevention Council, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/hate-crime/tolerance.

43 People who commit these crimes often aren’t mentally ill Tori Deangelis, “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes,” APA Monitor Vol 32, No. 10 (November 2001), http://www.apa.org/monitor/nov01/hatecrimes.aspx; Sharon Stephens Brehm, “How Do We Stop the Spreading Symbols of Hate and Intolerance?” American Psychological Association (October 1, 2007), http://www.apa.org/news/press/op-eds/symbols.aspx; Tori Deangelis, “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes,” APA Monitor Vol 32, No. 10 (November 2001), http://www.apa.org/monitor/nov01/hatecrimes.aspx.

44 What kind of thinking leads to hate? Aaron T. Beck, Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 5-19, 25-28.

44 Psychologist and author Dr. Robert J. Sternberg Robert J. Sternberg, “Enough of Hate!” APA Monitor Vol 34, No. 9 (October 2003), http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct03/pc.aspx.

44 Parents play a monumental role in preparing children “How Parents Can Teach Kids about Diversity,” The National Crime Prevention Council, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/hate-crime/diversity.

45 Merriam-Webster defines extremism Merriam-Webster OnLine, s.v. “extremism,” accessed June 15, 2015, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extremism.

45 Timothy McVeigh was a homegrown terrorist “Profile: Timothy McVeigh,” BBC News, May 11, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1321244.stm; “This Day in History, June 2, 1997: McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing,” History.com, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mcveigh-convicted-for-oklahoma-city-bombing.

45 Ironically, McVeigh was already Hailey Branson-Potts, “After Oklahoma City bombing, McVeigh's arrest almost went unnoticed,” latimes.com, April 19, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-oklahoma-city-bombing-20150419-story.html.

46 Because low empathy or lack of it is a risk factor Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324-344; Eisner, M. P., & Malti, T. (2015). Aggressive and violent behavior. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 794-841). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 798, 819-820.

46 Antoinette Tuff, a bookkeeper at a Georgia elementary school Matt Smith, “Georgia school shooting: Antoinette Tuff hailed as hero,” CNN.com, August 23, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/22/us/georgia-school-shooting-hero; Michael King, William M. Welch, and John Bacon, “Dramatic 911 call in Ga. school shooting incident released,” USA Today, August 22, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/21/decatur-georgia-michael-brandon-hill-school-shooting/2680407/.

46 But empathy for oneself is also protective Jativa, R., & Cerezo, A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimization and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1180–1190

47 Here are some warning signs of low empathy Walker, H. M., Stieber, S., & Eisert, D. (1991). Teacher ratings of adolescent social skills: Psychometric characteristics and factorial replicability across age-grade ranges. School Psychology Review, 20(2), 301-314.

48 In the book, Born for Love Maia Szalavitz and Bruce D. Perry, Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered (New York: William Morrow, 2010), 310-316.

49 Decades of research have shown that social isolation Pantell, M., Rehkopf, D., Jutte, D., Syme, S. L., Balmes, J., & Adler, N. (2013). Social isolation: A predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2056–2062; Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 78(3), 458-467.

50 Social isolation is a risk factor for youth violence Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 3–56; Flannery, D. J., Modzeleski, W., & Kretshmar, J. M. (2013). Violence and school shootings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15:331-338.

51 In October 2014, three girls aged fifteen to seventeen “Source: 3 Denver teens returned to families after being stopped en route to Syria to join militants,” DenverChannel.com, October 21, 2014, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/sources-3-denver-teens-stopped-in-germany-trying-to-travel-to-syria10212014.

51 Unlike the December 2015 case of the radicalized San Bernardino shooters Jonathan Lloyd, “San Bernardino Mass Shooting Timeline,” NBCLosAngeles.com, http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/San-Bernardino-Shooting-Timeline-Tashfeen-Malik-Syed-Farook-Enrique-Marquez-Terrorism-362952211.html.

54 Kids can develop protective thoughts that help them cope Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). The Development of Coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 58:119–44.

55 Being able to cope protects a child who has risk factors for violence Ward, E., & Ashley, D. (2013). The new imperative: Reducing adolescent-related violence by building resilient adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, S43-S45; Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience – clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 474–487.

55 The Handbook of Resilience in Children and recent research reviews Brooks, R. (2006). The power of parenting. In S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 297-314). New York: Springer; Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience – clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 474–487; Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). The Development of Coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 58:119–44.

56 Also, don’t allow children to ruminate Herts, K. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2012). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40:1111–1122. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9629-4; Edward A. Selby, “Rumination: Problem Solving Gone Wrong: How Rehashing the Situation Can Ruin Your Mood,” Psychology Today (Feb 24, 2010), https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/overcoming-self-sabotage/201002/rumination-problem-solving-gone-wrong.

56 The Handbook of Parent Training provides a good overview Webster-Stratton, C., & Hancock, L. (1998). Training for parents of young children with conduct problems: Content, methods, and therapeutic processes. In J. M. Briesmeister, & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children’s behavior problems (pp. 128-131). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Page 128-131.

CHAPTER THREE

Mental and Emotional Issues Tied to Aggression and Violence

58 “At the root of this dilemma. . .” Lindsay Holmes, “11 Quotes That Perfectly Sum Up The Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness,” The Huffington Post, March 10, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/10/mental-illness-quotes_n_6817674.html.

58 What do Buzz Aldrin… “50 Famous People with Depression, Mental Illness,” WCVB Boston, November 19, 2013, http://www.wcvb.com/health/14414700.

58 It’s estimated that about one in five adults had a mental illness CDC Report: Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States, http://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealthsurveillance/fact_sheet.html; “Any Mental Illness (AMI) Among U.S. Adults,” National Institute of Mental Health, 2014,
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-mental-illness-ami-among-us-adults.shtml.

58 According to a 2013 CDC report, mental Perou, R., et al. (2013). Mental Health Surveillance Among Children—United States, 2005–2011. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Supplements 62(02), 1-35. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6202a1.htm.

58 About one in five children “Any Disorder Among Children,” National Institute of Mental Health, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-disorder-among-children.shtml.

59 When Alvaro Castillo was eighteen years old Beth Karas, “Man obsessed with Columbine convicted of murder,” CNN.com, August 21, 2009, http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/21/north.carolina.castillo.trial/index.html?eref=rss_us#cnnSTCText. http://ssristories.org/castillo-wont-be-executed-news-observer/.

59 First, while having certain types of mental illness American Psychiatric Association. Fact sheet on Violence and Mental Illness. 1998. http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf.

59 Conversely, the vast majority of violent people American Psychiatric Association, Factsheet: Violence and mental illness, http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf.

59 Second, adults with mental illness are significantly more Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., & Weiner, D. A. (2005). Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: Comparison with the national crime victimization survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(8), 911-21; Sadie F. Dingfelder, “Stigma: Alive and well,” Monitor on Psychology, June 2009, Vol 40, No. 6, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/stigma.aspx; McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 1111–1122. doi:10.1037/a0015760; Desmarais, S. L., Van Dorn, R. A., Johnson, K. L., Grimm, K. J., Douglas, K. S., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2342-9.

59 This victimization alone strongly increases Herts, K. L., Mclaughlin, K. A., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2012). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1111-22. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1007/s10802-012-9629-4

60 One study showed that having any mental disorder increases the risk of homicidal death Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A., & Sundquist, J. (2013). Mental disorders and vulnerability to homicidal death: Swedish nationwide cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 346, 1. doi:http://0dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1136/bmj.f557

60 When people with mental illness do become violent Desmarais, S. L., Van Dorn, R. A., Johnson, K. L., Grimm, K. J., Douglas, K. S., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2342-9.

60 Research suggests the top ten personal risk factors for perpetrating violence Dvoskin, J. A., Lowy, J. E., Scrivner, E. M., & Vernick, J. S. (2014, May). Plenary Panel on Gun Violence: A need for community, public health, and legal collaboration. Symposium conducted at Confronting Family and Community Violence: The Intersection of Law and Psychology, Washington, DC.; Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental Risk Factors for Youth Violence. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 26(3), 176–186. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00065-8; Eric B. Elbogen, “Addressing the Role of Factors That May Contribute to Violence: Mental Illness & Substance Abuse,” Symposium conducted at Confronting Family and Community Violence: The Intersection of Law and Psychology, Washington, DC.; J. David Hawkins, Todd I. Herrenkohl, David P. Farrington, Devon Brewer, Richard F. Catalano, Tracy W. Harachi, and Lynn Cothern, “Predictors of Youth Violence,” US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, April 2000,
http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/predviol.pdf; Michael Shader, “Risk Factors for Delinquency: An Overview,” US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/frd030127.pdf

60 If we were able to magically eliminate mental illness Dvoskin, J. A. (2014, May). “Can Mental Health Services Prevent Mass Homicide,” in Plenary Panel on Gun Violence: A need for community, public health, and legal collaboration. Symposium conducted at Confronting Family and Community Violence: The Intersection of Law and Psychology, Washington, DC.; Swanson, J., Robertson, A., Frisman, L., Norko, M., Lin, H., Swartz, M., & Cook, P. (2013). Preventing gun violence involving people with serious mental illness. In D. Webster & J. Vernick (Eds.), Reducing gun violence in America: Informing policy with evidence and analysis (pp. 33–52). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Available at http://home.uchicago.edu/ludwigj/papers/Impact%20of%20Brady%20Act%202013.pdf.

60 Some factors appear to increase the risk of violence American Psychiatric Association, Factsheet: Violence and mental illness, http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf; Desmarais, S. L., Van Dorn, R.,A., Johnson, K. L., Grimm, K. J., Douglas, K. S., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2342-9.

61 Speaking of drug and alcohol abuse Ruback, R. B., Clark, V. A., & Warner, C. (2014). Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization-revictimization link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(1), 157-185. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1177/0886260513504626; Stuart, H. Violence and mental illness: an overview. Mental Health Policy Paper, World Psychiatry 2:2, June 2003, 122-124.

61 We believe that research shows parenting is the single most important Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., . . . Udry, J. R. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA, 278, 823-832.

61 Mental health professionals frequently group childhood disorders American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. P. 13

61 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children,” National Institute of Mental Health website, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-among-children.shtml.

62 While ADHD can be linked to aggression American Psychiatric Association, Factsheet: Violence and mental illness, http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf.

62 Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Page 462-466.

62 Conduct disorder (CD) is the most serious American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Page 469-475.

62 … commonly found in juvenile delinquents US Department of Justice, Offices of the United States Attorneys, “38. "Juvenile" Defined,” http://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-38-juvenile-defined.

63 Harsh, inconsistent discipline, parental rejection Hoeve, M., Semon Dubas, J., Eichelsheim, V.I., van der Laan, P.H., Smeenk, W. Gerris, J.R.M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749–775. doi 10.1007/s10802-009-9310-8

64 Up to 10% of adults are clinically depressed American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2005;62(6):593-602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.

64 About 9% of American children up to age seventeen Bansal, V., Goyal, S., & Srivastava, K. (2009). Study of prevalence of depression in adolescent students of a public school. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 43–46. http://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57859; “Major Depression Among Adolescents,” National Institute of Mental Health website, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adolescents.shtml.

64 However, in 2013 the CDC reported that almost one in three high school students
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States 2013, June 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf.

65 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is a new American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. P156-160.

65 Anxiety and depression commonly co-occur National Institute of Mental Health, “Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children,”
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-children.shtml.

65 Common illogical thoughts linked to anxiety Johnson, B.D. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral approaches in counseling and psychotherapy. In H.E.A. Tinsley, S.H. Lease, and N.S. Giffin Wiersma (Eds). Contemporary Theory and Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy (pp. 264-292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

65 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Children,” National Institute of Mental Health website, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-among-children.shtml.

66 Bipolar depression generally begins “Bipolar Disorder Among Children,” National Institute of Mental Health website, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-children.shtml.

66 Bipolar disorders are a risk factor for violent American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Page 138.

67 Autism spectrum disorders are estimated “What is Autism Spectrum Disorder,” National Institute of Mental Health website, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml#part_145439; American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author, pp. 50-59.

68 However, experts agree that people with these disorders rarely Brenda Goodman, “Asperger's and Violence: Experts Weigh In,” WebMD Health News, http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20121218/aspergers-violence.

68 Untreated, these disorders are risk factors for being victims and offenders Ruback, R. B., Clark, V. A., & Warner, C. (2014). Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization-revictimization link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(1), 157-185. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1177/0886260513504626; Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A., & Sundquist, J. (2013). Mental disorders and vulnerability to homicidal death: Swedish nationwide cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 346, 1. doi:http://0dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1136/bmj.f557

69 We’ve assembled what we believe were important contributory factors Andrew Solomon. “The Reckoning: The Father of the Sandy Hook Killer Searches for Answers,” Annals of Psychology, The New Yorker, March, 17, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/the-reckoning; Alaine Griffin and Josh Kovner, “Courant/Frontline Investigation: Raising Adam Lanza,” The Hartford Courant, February 17, 2013, http://articles.courant.com/2013-02-17/news/hc-raising-adam-lanza-20130217_1_nancy-lanza-raising-adam-lanza-new-school; Shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Report of the Office of the Child Advocate. November 21, 2014, http://www.ct.gov/oca/lib/oca/sandyhook11212014.pdf.

73 Children with low self-esteem and histories of personal failures Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349–371. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.349

74 Almost all mass shooters in recent years committed a type of suicide Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4): 451–464; Dvoskin, J. A., Lowy, J. E., Scrivner, E. M., & Vernick, J. S. (2014, May). Plenary Panel on Gun Violence: A need for community, public health, and legal collaboration. Symposium conducted at Confronting Family and Community Violence: The Intersection of Law and Psychology, Washington, DC.

76 Psychopathy (pronounced sigh-COP-ah-th-ee) Kiehl, K.A. & Buckholtz, J.W. (2010). Inside the mind of a psychopath. Scientific American Mind, 21, 22-29.

76 The closest current diagnosis is antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author, pp. 659-653.

76 Antisocial behavior in adolescents usually manifests Calkins S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2009). Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1095–1109. doi:10.1017/S095457940999006X

77 Research suggests that callous-unemotional traits Frick, P. J. (2009). Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: Implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry, 54(12), 803-812; Kerig, P. K., & Stellwagen, K. K. (2010). Roles of callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and machiavellianism in childhood aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32:343–352. doi 10.1007/s10862-009-9168-7

77 Rather than punishments, at-risk kids Viding, E., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 969–983. doi:10.1017/S095457941200048X

77 “Insane” is typically a legal term “Insanity defense,” the Free Dictionary by Farlex, Legal Dictionary, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Insanity+Defense.

78 Schizophrenia is the most common reason for psychotic American Psychiatric Association, Factsheet: Violence and mental illness, http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf; American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author, pp. 87-105.

78 Being suicidal is perhaps the ultimate level CDC, “Youth suicide,” http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/youth_suicide.html.

78 In 2011, suicide became the second leading cause American Society of Suicidology (2013). Youth suicide fact sheet based on 2011 data. http://www.suicidology.org/Portals/14/docs/Resources/FactSheets/Youth2012.pdf; CDC WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports, http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html.

79 Although 95% of people with a mental or substance Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2008). Substance Abuse and Suicide Prevention: Evidence and Implications—A White Paper. DHHS Pub. yNo. SMA-08-4352. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA08-4352/SMA08-4352.pdf.

80 Most people who kill themselves had exhibited the following American Society for Suicidology, “Know the Warning Signs of Suicide,” http://www.suicidology.org/resources/warning-signs.

84 Parents have considerable influence on mental disorders Ollendick, T. H., & Benoit, K. E. (2012). A parent-child interactional model of social anxiety disorder in youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(1), 81-91. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1007/s10567-011-0108-1; Schwartz, O. S., Sheeber, L. B., Dudgeon, P., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotion socialization within the family environment and adolescent depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 447-453. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.source.unco.edu/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.002; Keller, G. A., & Gottlieb, D. T. (2012). Reducing major depression in children at high risk: Opportunities for prevention. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 44(3), 271-90; Modesto-Lowe, V., Danforth, J. S., & Brooks, D. (2008). ADHD: does parenting style matter? Clinical Pediatrics (Philadelphia), 47(9):865-72. doi: 10.1177/0009922808319963.

84 Research shows that treatment reduces the risk of perpetration American Psychiatric Association, Factsheet: Violence and mental illness, http://bipolarworld.net/pdf/violence.pdf.

85 The decrease in available psychiatric beds has created “No Room At The Inn: Trends and Consequences of Closing Public Psychiatric Hospitals,” Treatment Advocacy Center, http://www.tacreports.org/bedstudy, and http://www.tacreports.org/trends-in-availability.

CHAPTER FOUR

Harmful Media Influences and How to Deflect the Damage

87 “Because children have high levels of exposure…” American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

87 A scorned teddy bear named Naughty Bear Chad Sapieha and Jeana Lee Tahnk, “10 Violent Video Games to Avoid,” Parenting.com, http://www.parenting.com/gallery/violent-video-games?page=9; “Naughty Bear Review,” ign.com, http://ca.ign.com/games/naughty-bear/xbox-360-54735; “Naughty Bear Review,” CommonSenseMedia.com, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/game-reviews/naughty-bear.

88 You might be surprised that research Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2001). Effects of televised violence on aggression. In D. Singer, & J. L., Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 223-254). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

88 Kids now spend most of their waking hours Kelly Wallace, “Teens Spend a 'Mind-boggling' 9 Hours a Day Using Media, Report Says,” CNN.com, November 3, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/03/health/teens-tweens-media-screen-use-report/; Michael Robb, “Tweens, Teens, and Screens: What Our New Research Uncovers,” CommonSenseMedia.org, November 2, 2015, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/tweens-teens-and-screens-what-our-new-research-uncovers.

88 The more kids see behaviors Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563; Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007). Media violence and social neuroscience: New questions and new opportunities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 178-182; American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

89 Second, this huge dose of media contains increasing amounts and degrees Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563

89 “The scientific debate over…” Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., . . . Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 81–110. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x

89 Out of thirty-five hundred studies, all but eighteen American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Public Education. (2001). Media Violence. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1222-1226.

89 Media violence has become frequent Hogan, M. J. (2005). Adolescents and media violence: Six crucial issues for practitioners. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 249-268. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.008

89 Seeing violent encounters between characters American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement, Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503; Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563; Hogan, M. J. (2005). Adolescents and media violence: Six crucial issues for practitioners. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 249-268. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.008

90 Seeing explicitly violent scenes can also American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

90 Keep in mind that kids find different things frightening Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Clinical practice: Fear effects by the media. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(4), 613-616. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1632-1

90 Many movies and network TV shows Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563

91 Along with many experts, we worry American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Policy statement, Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

91 The Aurora, Colorado, premiere “James Holmes Trial: Officer in Aurora Theater Saw ‘Blood on the Emergency Exit’,” NBCNews.com, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/officer-aurora-theater-saw-chaos-blood-emergency-exit-n350451.

92 Using social media (texting Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563; American Academy of Pediatrics, Growing Up Digital: Media Research Symposium, May 2-3, 2015, retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/digital_media_symposium_proceedings.pdf.

92 Sexting (sending and receiving Rice, E., Gibbs, J., Winetrobe, H., Rhoades, H., Plant, A., Montoya, J., & Kordic, T. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior among middle school students. Pediatrics, 134, 21-28; Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., Jones, L. M., & Wolak, J. (2012). Prevalence and characteristics of youth sexting: A national study. Pediatrics, 129,13-20; Shifrin, Donald; Brown, Ari; Hill, David; Jana, Laura, & Flinn, Susan; American Academy of Pediatrics, Growing Up Digital: Media Research Symposium, May 2-3, 2015, retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/digital_media_symposium_proceedings.pdf; Strohmaier, H., Murphy, M., & DeMatteo, D. (2014). Youth sexting: Prevalence rates, driving motivations, and the deterrent effect of legal consequences. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 11(3), 245-255. doi 10.1007/s13178-014-0162-9 Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Dematteo/publication/272015427_Youth_Sexting_Prevalence_Rates_Driving_Motivations_and_the_Deterrent_Effect_of_Legal_Consequences/links/5609276308ae4d86bb118d9c.pdf.

92 Why do kids sext? Lucy Salcido Carter, “Effective Responses to Teen Sexting: A Guide for Judges and Other Professionals,” Futures Without Violence (July 2012), https://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/userfiles/file/Judicial/Effective%20Responses%20to%20Teen%20Sexting.pdf; Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., Jones, L. M., & Wolak, J. (2012). Prevalence and characteristics of youth sexting: A national study. Pediatrics, 129,13-20.

93 Your kids need to know that Joshua D. Herman. (2010). Sexting: It’s no joke, it’s a crime. Illinois Bar Journal, 98(4), 192. Retrieved from https://www.isba.org/ibj/2010/04/sextingitsnojokeitsacrime.

93 Like other popular media, rock, heavy metal American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Impact of music, music lyrics, and music videos on children and youth. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1488-1494.

94 Knowledge of world issues Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Clinical practice: Fear effects by the media. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(4), 613-616. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1632-1; Schuster, M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Marshall, G.N., Elliott, M.N., et al. (2001). A National Survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. New England Journal Medicine, 345, 1507-1512. Available at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200111153452024#t=article; VanderMolen, J. H., Bushman, B. J. (2008). Children’s direct fright and worry reactions to violence in fiction and news television programs. The Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 420-424.

94 Prolonged fear is linked to many problems Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Clinical practice: Fear effects by the media. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(4), 613-616. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1632-1

94 Computer, phone, and console gaming Gentile, D.A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), e319-329. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1353

94 There’s evidence that there are critical developmental David Walsh, Why Do They Act That Way?: A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen (New York: Free Press, 2004), 37; Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007). Media violence and social neuroscience: New questions and new opportunities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 178-182; Crews, F., He, J., & Hodge, C. (2007). Adolescent cortical development: A critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 86,189–199.

94 Furthermore, a recent global meta-analysis Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., . . . Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173. doi:10.1037/a0018251

94 Here is the bottom line American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

95 No, not all players of violent video Dave Grossman and Gloria DeGaetano, Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action against TV, Movie, and Video Game Violence (New York: Random House, 1999), 4, 75-77.

95 Violent game play has even stronger effects Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P. J., Linder, J. R., & Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.002; Benedict Carey, “Shooting in the Dark,” The New York Times.com, February 11, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/science/studying-the-effects-of-playing-violent-video-games.html?_r=0; Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563; Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M., & Lancel, M. (2012). Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Medicine, 13(4), 327-34. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.006

95 Experts believe that media exposure may have a cumulative effect Gentile, D. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Reassessing media violence effects using a risk and resilience approach to understanding aggression. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(3), 138-151. doi:10.1037/a0028481

96 Professional groups caring for families Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563

97 But because of continued increases in media use by youth Ari Brown, Donald L. Shifrin, and David L. Hill, “Beyond ‘Turn it Off’: How to Advise Families on Media Use,” AAP News, September 28, 2015, http://www.aappublications.org/content/36/10/54; Kelly Wallace, “Pediatricians to tweak 'outdated' screen time recommendations for kids,” CNN.com, October 6, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/06/health/screen-time-rules-change-pediatricians/; Donald Shifrin, Ari Brown, David Hill, Laura Jana, and Susan Flinn, American Academy of Pediatrics, Growing up Digital: Media Research Symposium, October 1, 2015, https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/digital_media_symposium_proceedings.pdf.

97 Be aware that research shows that the amount of screen time Swing, E., Gentile, D., Anderson, C., & Walsh, D. (2010). Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics 126, 214-222. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1508

98 Also, studies show that the more TV and movies parents watch Carson, V., & Janssen, I. (2012). Associations between factors within the home setting and screen time among children aged 0-5 years: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12, 539.

98 Studies show that discussing the risks Rosenkoetter, L. I., Rosenkoetter, S. E., & Acock, A. C. (2009). Television violence: An intervention to reduce its impact on children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.019

100 Experts have recommended that Internet access FBI, “A Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety,” https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/parent-guide.

100 A 2015 Pew Research Center study Amanda Lenhart, “Teens, Social Media, and Technology Overview 2015,” Pew Research Center (April 9, 2015), http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/.

100 According to research, youth who reported that many Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., Markow, D., Leaf, P. J., Hamburger, M., and Boxer, P. (2008). Linkages between internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 929-937. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3377

101 Parents can play a pivotal role in making social media “Protect Kids Online,” OnGuardOnLine.gov, http://www.onguardonline.gov/topics/protect-kids-online; Common Sense Media, CommonSenseMedia.org, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/; FBI, “A Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety,” https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/parent-guide.

102 Studies suggest that many youth share How Private Are Your Kids Passwords?, http://www.schooleymitchell.com/blog/how-private-are-your-kids-passwords/.

104 Children under age eight can’t tell fantasy from reality Cantor, J., & Wilson, B. J. (2009). Media and violence: Intervention strategies for reducing aggression. Media Psychology, 5(4), 363-403. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0504_03; American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

104 However, before age eight, doing this Paavonen, E. J., Roine, M., Pennonen, M., & Lahikainen, A. R. (2009). Do parental co-viewing and discussions mitigate TV-induced fears in young children? Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(6), 773-780. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01009.x

104 Children this young can’t process questions while viewing Nathanson, A. I., & Yang, M. (2003). The effects of mediation content and form on children’s responses to violent television. Human Communication Research, 29(1), 111-134. doi:10.1111/j.14682958.2003.tb00833.x

105 If you don’t speak up, your kids will interpret this Austin, E. W. (2001). Effects of family communication on children’s interpretation of television. In J. Bryant & J. A. Bryant (Eds.), Television and the American family (2nd ed., pp. 377–395). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

105 Commenting that you don’t like how people Nathanson, A. I. (2004). Factual and evaluative approaches to modifying children’s responses to violent television. Journal of Communication, 54(2), 321-336.

105 It helps to give children credit Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Klein, R., Brice, P., & Fischer, P. (1983). Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children’s attitudes about media violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 899–910.

105 For older adolescents Nathanson, A. I., & Yang, M. (2003). The effects of mediation content and form on children’s responses to violent television. Human Communication Research, 29(1), 111-134. doi:10.1111/j.14682958.2003.tb00833.x

106 Research has shown that the more realistically American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503; Hogan, M. J. (2005). Adolescents and media violence: Six crucial issues for practitioners. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 249-268. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.008; Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563

107 More violent and other harmful content Gentile, D. A., Humphrey, J., & Walsh, D. A. (2005). Media ratings for movies, music, video games, and television: A review of the research and recommendations for improvements. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 427-446. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.006

107 When movies are rated PG-13, surveys show Gentile, D. A., Humphrey, J., & Walsh, D. A. (2005). Media ratings for movies, music, video games, and television: A review of the research and recommendations for improvements. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16(2), 427-446. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.006

107 The other interesting thing about ratings Kennedy, C., & Chen, J. (2009). Changes in childhood risk taking and safety behavior after a peer group media intervention. Nursing Research, 58(4), 264-273.

107 Really think twice (or thrice) Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563; American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2010). Policy statement - Children, adolescents, substance abuse, and the media. Pediatrics, 126(4), 791-799.

108 So experts advise against allowing kids younger than eight Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Clinical practice: Fear effects by the media. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(4), 613-616. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1632-1;

108 So we agree with researchers who say that most TV news isn’t appropriate for children younger Van der Molen, J. H., & Bushman, B. J. (2008). Children's direct fright and worry reactions to violence in fiction and news television programs. Journal of Pediatrics, 153(3), 420-424.

108 But there are ways you can help your kids be less affected Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Beidas, R. S., Weiner, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Children and terrorism-related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 568-578.

110 Parental monitoring of game playing is generally low Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P. J., Linder, J. R., & Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.002-22; American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Communications and Media. (2009). Policy statement - Media violence. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503.

111 Review everyone’s electronic media diaries Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Lee, S. M., Foley, J. T., Heitzler, C., & Huhman, M. (2010). Influence of limit-setting and participation in physical activity on youth screen time. Pediatrics, 126(1), e89-e96; Ramirez, E. R., Norman, G. J., Rosenberg, D. E., Kerr, J., Saelens, B. E., Durant, N., & Sallis, J. F. (2011). Adolescent screen time and rules to limit screen time in the home. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(4), 379-385.

111 The good news is that children can learn from prosocial Prot, S. et al. (2014). Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 25(2): 358-368. Doi: 10.1177/0956797613503854

111 Studies show that children respond fairly well Sebire, S. J., Jago, R., Gorely, T., Cillero, I. H., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2011). “If there wasn’t technology then I would probably be out everyday”: A qualitative study of children’s strategies to reduce their screen viewing. Preventative Medicine, 53(4-5), 303-308.

112 . . . but avoid making your rules too restrictive Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1153-1165.

CHAPTER FIVE

Bullying and Putting a Stop to It

114 “One’s dignity may be assaulted…” Michael J. Fox quotation, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/michaeljf189284.html

114 Emmet Fralick was a friendly, popular Kevin Cox, “Suicide Boy Told to Pay or Be Beaten,” TheGlobeandMail.com, April12, 2002, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/suicide-boy-told-to-pay-or-be-beaten/article1022368/; “Bully Sentence Appropriate, Halifax Prosecutor Says,” CBC News, January 3, 2003, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/bully-sentence-appropriate-halifax-prosecutor-says-1.358209.

115 Bullying is comprised of “Bullying Definition,” stopbullying.gov,
http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/index.html

115 Bullying can cause physical, psychological, Gladden, R.M., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M., Hamburger, M.E., & Lumpkin, C.D. Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education; 2014, page 7. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitions-final-a.pdf.

115 Shockingly, most middle school bullies Pepler, D., Craig, W., & O’Connell, P. (2010). Peer processes in bullying: Informing prevention and intervention strategies. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 469 – 479). New York, NY: Routledge.; Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030

115 These “bully-victims” appear Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030; Gladden, R.M., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M., Hamburger, M.E., & Lumpkin, C.D. Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education; 2014, p. 6. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitions-final-a.pdf.

116 Bullying can be direct: physically or verbally Gladden, R.M., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M., Hamburger, M.E., & Lumpkin, C.D. Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education; 2014, pp. 7-8. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitions-final-a.pdf.

116 Relational (or social) bullying “Bullying Definition,” stopbullying.gov,
http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/index.html.

117 Cyberbullying is the newest form What is Cyberbullying, StopBullying.gov, http://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/index.html

118 General estimates of bullying Hymel, S., & Swearer, S.M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying. American Psychologist, 70, 293-299.

118 Research consistently shows peaks Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030; “Age Trends in the Prevalence of Bullying,” PrevNet (Promoting Relationships & Eliminating Violence Network), Networks of Centres of Excellence, and the US Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.prevnet.ca/sites/prevnet.ca/files/fact-sheet/PREVNet-SAMHSA-Factsheet-Age-Trends-in-the-Prevalence-of-Bullying.pdf.

118 In a recent US Department of Education study DeVoe, J. F., & Bauer, L. (2011). Student victimization in U.S. schools: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCES 2012–314). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012314.pdf.

119 Most children “age out” of physical bullying Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030

119 With the ubiquity of communication technology Patchin, J. (2015). Summary of our research (2004-2015). The cyberbullying research center. Retrieved February 28, 2015, http://www.cfw.tufts.edu/external.asp?url=http://www.cyberbullying.us/index.php&prev=http://www.cfw.tufts.edu/Default.asp.

119 Boys and girls are equally likely Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030; Bullying: What You Need to Know, StopBullying.gov, http://www.stopbullying.gov/image-gallery/what-you-need-to-know-infographic.html.

119 In her book Odd Girl Out Rachel Simmons, Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls, (New York: Harcourt, 2002).

119 Bullying happens everywhere Gladden, R.M., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M., Hamburger, M.E., & Lumpkin, C.D. Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education; 2014, p.8. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitions-final-a.pdf.

120 Although this chapter deals mostly with bullying by peers Wolke, D., & Skew, A. J. (2012). Bullying among siblings. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2012;24(1):17-25, http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/45767/1/WRAP_Wolke_bullying_amongst_siblings.pdf; Bowes, L., Wolke, D., Joinson, C., Lereya, S. T., Lewis, G. (2014). Sibling Bullying and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Harm: A Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatrics 134:e1032–e1039, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/134/4/e1032.full.pdf.

120 Immense physical, psychological, social, and academic harm Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030; Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123, 1059-1065.

121 Effects of being bullied don’t end in childhood Swearer, S. M. & Hymel, S. (2015). Understanding the psychology of bullying: Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis–stress model. American Psychologist, 70, 344 –353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038929; McDougal, P. & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence. American Psychologist, 70, 300-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039174; Gibb, S. J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Bullying victimization/perpetration in childhood and later adjustment: Findings from a 30 year longitudinal study. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2): 82-88.

121 Does being bullied cause kids to commit suicide? “The Relationship Between Bullying and Suicide: What We Know and What it Means for Schools,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention; Holt, M. K., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Polanin, J. R., Holland, K. M., DeGue, S., Matjasko, J. L., Wolfe, M., & Reid, G. (2015). Bullying and suicidal ideation and behavior: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135, 496-509. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1864; Haas, A., Eliason, M., Mays, V., Mathy, R., Cochran, S., D’Angelli, A., & Clayton, P. (2011). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 10–51.

121 Victims and bullies use higher levels of public assistance McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence. American Psychologist, 70, 300-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039174; Farrington, D. P, Ttofi, M. M., & Lösel, F. (2011). School bullying and later criminal offending. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 21(2), 77-79; Kathy Robison, National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), Bullying: Primer for parents. http://www.pgsd.org/cms/lib07/PA01916597/Centricity/Domain/43/Bullying_Primer.pdf; Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 419 – 426; Sourander, A., Brunstein Klomek, A., Kumpulainen, K., Puustjärvi, A., Elonheimo, H., Ristkari, T., . . . Ronning, J. A. (2011). Bullying at age eight and criminality in adulthood: Findings from the Finnish Nation-wide 1981 Birth Cohort Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 1211–1219.

123 Recent research shows that 80% of LGBT youth Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Palmer, N. A., & Boesen, M. J. (2014). The 2013 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN. Retrieved from http://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2013%20National%20School%20Climate%20Survey%20Full%20Report_0.pdf.

123 In her book The Bully, Barbara Coloroso, The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 49.

124 Family life qualities that protect against Bilsky, S.A., Cole, D.A., Dukewich, T.L., Martin, N.C., Keneisha, R., … & Maxwell, M.A. (2013). Does supportive parenting mitigate the longitudinal effects of peer victimization on depressive thoughts and symptoms in children? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 406–419 doi: 10.1037/a0032501; McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence. American Psychologist, 70, 300-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039174 .

124 According to a 2013 study, kids who were most resistant Bilsky, S.A., Cole, D.A., Dukewich, T.L., Martin, N.C., Keneisha, R., … & Maxwell, M.A. (2013). Does supportive parenting mitigate the longitudinal effects of peer victimization on depressive thoughts and symptoms in children? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 406–419. doi: 10.1037/a0032501

125 Some researchers suggest kids are more likely to disclose Hymel, S., & Swearer, S.M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying. American Psychologist, 70, 293-299.

125 Help kids see that the reasons for being bullied Schacter, H.L., White, S.J, Chang, V.Y., & Juvonen, J. (2015). “Why me?” Characterological self-blame and continued victimization in the first year of middle school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 446-455. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.865194; Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030

127 Ask victims what would help them feel more safe “What to Do If You’re Bullied,” stopbullying.gov, http://www.stopbullying.gov/kids/what-you-can-do/index.html; Irene van der Zande, “Face Bullying With Confidence: 8 Kidpower Skills We Can Use Right Away,” kidpower.org, https://www.kidpower.org/library/article/prevent-bullying/.

127 Children who witness bullying (bystanders) “Study shows bullying affects both bystanders and target,” Penn State News, October 11, 2011,
http://news.psu.edu/story/154651/2011/10/11/study-shows-bullying-affects-both-bystanders-and-target.

128 Say hi, talk to, or even befriend victims Hodges, E.V.E, Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W.M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101; Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030

129 You won’t take away their tech devices for telling David-Ferdon C. and Hertz, M. F. Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Researchers. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control; 2009; Agatston, P., Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2007). Students’ perspectives on cyber bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(Suppl), S59–60.

129 Report cyberbullying to law enforcement if “Report Cyberbullying,” StopBullying.gov, http://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/howto-report/.

130 Teachers and other school personnel are increasingly facing National Education Association (2009). When educators are assaulted. Retrieved June 8, 2015. http://www.nea.org/home/42238.htm.

131 Research indicates that zero-tolerance plans Cornell, D. & Limber, S.P. (2015). Law and policy on the concept of bullying at school. American Psychologist, 70, 333–343.

132 Despite the challenges of directly dealing Ibid.

133 Here are other risk factors for becoming a bully Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030

134 Research has shown a dangerous progression in boys Dorothy L. Espelage, Sabina K. Low, Carolyn Anderson, and Lisa De La Ru. Bullying, Sexual, and Dating Violence Trajectories From Early to Late Adolescence. Report submitted to the National Institute of Justice, Grant #2011-MU-FX-0022 (April 21, 2014), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/246830.pdf.

134 Certain parent and family characteristics are also linked Rodkin, P.C., Espelage, D.L., & Hanish, L.D., (2015). A relational framework for understanding bullying developmental antecedents and outcomes. American Psychologist, 70, 311-321; Cenkseven Önder, F., & Yurtal, F. (2008). An investigation of the family characteristics of bullies, victims, and positively behaving adolescents. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 8(3), 821-832.

135 If a child you care about is bullying others Kumpfer, K.L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58, 457–465. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.457

137 Increase supervision whenever and wherever Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030; Hymel, S., & Swearer, S.M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying. American Psychologist, 70, 293-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038928; Low, S. & Espelage, D. (2014). Conduits from community violence exposure to peer aggression and victimization: Contributions of parental monitoring, impulsivity, and deviancy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 221–231. doi: 10.1037/a0035207

CHAPTER SIX

School Violence and How to Support School Safety

139 “Violence in our schools can never…” Elizabeth Dole quotes, ThinkExist.com, http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/elizabeth_dole/.

139 As of the end of February 2016 “School Shootings in America Since Sandy Hook,” EveryTown for Gun Safety (June 8, 2015), http://everytown.org/article/schoolshootings/; “170 School Shootings In America Since 2013,” February 29, 2016, http://everytownresearch.org/school-shootings/.

139 Any given school can expect a school student homicide Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39, 27–37.

139 Less than 1% of youth homicides “Understanding School Violence, Fact Sheet, 2015,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/school_violence_fact_sheet-a.pdf.

140 The good news is that research shows progressive Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39, 27–37.

140 School violence is defined “Understanding School Violence, Fact Sheet, 2015,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/school_violence_fact_sheet-a.pdf.

140 Studies indicate that the following are common causes Bliss, M. J., Emshoff, J., Buck, C. A., & Cook, S. L. (2006). Parents’ perceptions of causes of and solutions for school violence: Implications for policy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(3), 265-280; Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 3–56.

140 Surveys show that parents generally agree Bliss, M. J., Emshoff, J., Buck, C. A., & Cook, S. L. (2006). Parents’ perceptions of causes of and solutions for school violence: Implications for policy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(3), 265-280.

140 School-related aggression and violence include “Understanding School Violence, Fact Sheet, 2015,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/school_violence_fact_sheet-a.pdf.

141 In a 2013 national survey, high schoolers reported “Understanding School Violence, Fact Sheet, 2015,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/school_violence_fact_sheet-a.pdf.

141 In 2012, there were almost 750,000 victims of school violence Robers, S., Kemp, J., Rathbun, A., and Morgan, R.E. (2014). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013 (NCES 2014-042/NCJ 243299). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014042.pdf.

141 Aggressive and violent acts affect not only students “Understanding School Violence, Fact Sheet, 2015,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/school_violence_fact_sheet-a.pdf.

141 A 2001 CDC study investigated Anderson, M., Kaufman, J., Simon, T. R., Barrios, L., Paulozzi, L., Ryan, G., . . . & Potter, Lloyd (2001). School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999. JAMA, 286 (21), 2695-2702.

142 First, do school shooters just snap? O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, & Federal Bureau of Investigation; Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf.

143 All studies to date have been unable to determine a composite O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, & Federal Bureau of Investigation; Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf.

143 Other research supports the notion that it isn’t possible Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39, 27–37.

144 What are these characteristics and concerning behaviors Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf.

144 One thing that almost all mass killers have in common Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf; Flannery, D. J., Modzeleski, W., & Kretshmar, J. M. (2013). Violence and School Shootings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 331-338.

144 Certain other personal and situational characteristics O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, & Federal Bureau of Investigation; Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 3–56.

145 School dynamics that were often found O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, & Federal Bureau of Investigation.

145 According to the SSI report, threat assessments should be triggered Robert A. Fein, Bryan Vossekuil, William S. Pollack, Randy Borum, William Modzeleski, and Marisa Reddy, (May 2002). “Threat Assessment in Schools: A Guide to Managing Threatening Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates,” US Secret Service and US Department of Education, Washington, D. C.; Reddy, M., Borum, R., Berglund, J., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2001). Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches.

146 The FBI study describes a categorization of threats O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: Critical Incident Response Group, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, & Federal Bureau of Investigation.

146 What types of behaviors and communications pose a threat Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf.

147 The following things about a student may be investigated, according to the SSI study Flannery, D. J., Modzeleski, W., & Kretshmar, J. M. (2013). Violence and School Shootings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 331-338; Reddy, M., Borum, R., Berglund, J., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2001). Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches. Psychology in the Schools, 38(2), 157-172; Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Secret Service & U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf; Robert A. Fein, Bryan Vossekuil, William S. Pollack, Randy Borum, William Modzeleski, and Marisa Reddy, (May 2002). “Threat Assessment in Schools: A Guide to Managing Threatening Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates, ”US Secret Service and US Department of Education, Washington, D. C.

148 On average, 20% of students aged twelve Robers, S., Kemp, J., Rathbun, A., and Morgan, R.E. (2014). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013 (NCES 2014-042/NCJ 243299). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014042.pdf.

148 Gang members may engage Arciaga, M., Sakamoto, W., & Jones, E. F., “Responding to Gangs in the School Setting,” National Gang Center Bulletin, No. 5, OJJDP (November 2010), http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/content/documents/bulletin-5.pdf.

149 A 2006 survey indicated that parents agree Bliss, M. J., Emshoff, J., Buck, C. A., & Cook, S. L. (2006). Parents’ perceptions of causes of and solutions for school violence: Implications for policy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(3), 265-280.

150 While lock-down drills have become widespread John Feinblatt, “The Number of School Shootings Since Sandy Hook is Higher Than You Think,” msnbc.com (December 13, 2014), http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-number-school-shootings-sandy-hook-higher-you-think; Carolyn Thompson, “School Shooting Drills: How Realistic Should They Be?,” HuffingtonPost.com (January 31, 2013), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/31/school-shooting-drills-ho_n_2589517.html.

150 Multiple national organizations “Research on School Security: The Impact of Security Measures on Students,” National Association of School Psychologists (2013), http://www.nasponline.org/advocacy/schoolsecurity.pdf; Cowan, K. C., Vaillancourt, K., Rossen, E., & Pollitt, K. (2013). A framework for safe and successful schools [Brief]. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/resources/handouts/Framework_for_Safe_and_Successful_School_Environments.pdf.

151 A CDC report on effectiveness of programs Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “School Violence: Prevention,”
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/schoolviolence/prevention.html; Michael J. Furlong, Erika D. Felix, Jill D. Sharkey, and Jim Larson, “Preventing School Violence: A Plan for Safe and Engaging Schools,” National Association of School Psychologists,
https://www.nasponline.org/Documents/Resources%20and%20Publications/Handouts/Families%20and%20Educators/Student%20Counseling%20Violence%20Prevention.pdf.

152 Zero-tolerance policies focus American Psychological Association (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63(9), 852–862. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.852; Cornell, D., Shin, C., & Ciolfi, A. (2013). Prevention v. punishment: Threat assessment, school suspensions and racial disparities. Legal Aid Justice Center: Charlottesville, VA; U.S. Department of Education, Guiding Principles: A Resource Guide for Improving School Climate and Discipline, Washington, D.C., 2014. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/guiding-principles.pdf; Cowan, K. C., Vaillancourt, K., Rossen, E., & Pollitt, K. (2013). A framework for safe and successful schools [Brief]. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/resources/handouts/Framework_for_Safe_and_Successful_School_Environments.pdf.

152 During the 2011-2012 school year Christina A. Samuels, “Pre-K Suspension Data Prompt Focus on Intervention,” March 31, 2014,
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/04/02/27ocrprek.h33.html.

153 Why is suspension a bad idea U.S. Department of Education, Guiding Principles: A Resource Guide for Improving School Climate and Discipline, Washington, D.C., 2014. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/guiding-principles.pdf; American Psychological Association (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63(9), 852–862. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.852; Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39, 27–37.

153 The US Department of Education recommends that suspension U.S. Department of Education, Guiding Principles: A Resource Guide for Improving School Climate and Discipline, Washington, D.C., 2014. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/guiding-principles.pdf.

154 School resource officers are assets Canady, M., James, B., & Nease, J. (2012). To protect & educate: The school resource officer and the prevention of violence in schools. Hoover, AL.: National Association of School Resource Officers. Retrieved from https://nasro.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NASRO-To-Protect-and-Educate-nosecurity.pdf.

155 Training during the many formative years Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The effectiveness of universal school-based programs for the prevention of violent and aggressive behavior: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services. MMWR 2007; 56(No. RR-7): 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5607.pdf.

155 Warning signs that your child is not coping “Talking to Your Children about the Recent Spate of School Shootings,” American Psychological Association, http://www.apa.org/topics/violence/school-shooting.aspx.

155 Surveys show that parents believe that they Bliss, M. J., Emshoff, J., Buck, C. A., & Cook, S. L. (2006). Parents’ perceptions of causes of and solutions for school violence: Implications for policy. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(3), 265-280.

CHAPTER SEVEN

Hazardous Friendships and What to Do About Them

157 “There’s something about childhood friends…” Lisa Whelchel Quotes, brainyquote.com, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/lisawhelch338451.html.

157 Children need friendships Kwon, K. & Lease, A. M. (2007). Clique membership and social adjustment in children’s same-gender cliques: The contribution of the type of clique to children’s self- reported adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53(2), 216–242; Witvliet, M., van Lier, P. A. C., Cuijpers, P., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Change and stability in childhood clique membership, isolation from cliques, and associated child characteristics. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(1),12–24.

158 When sixteen-year-old Evan Ramsey Joseph Lieberman, School shootings: What every parent and educator needs to know protect our children, (New York: Citadel Press, Kensington Publishing Corp, 2008), 158-160.

158 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold met Jeff Kass, Columbine: A True Crime Story (Denver, CO: Ghostroad Press, 2009), 52, 180-182.

159 The term peer pressure is a misnomer Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2009). Affiliation with antisocial peers, susceptibility to peer influence, and antisocial behavior during the transition to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1520-1530. doi:10.1037/a0017417; Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412

160 Does hanging out with aggressive kids Ibid.; Ibid.

160 Research clearly shows that kids have an increased rate of drug Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412; Chassin, L., Hussong, A., Barrera, M., Molina, B., Trim, R., & Ritter, J. (2004). In: Lerner, R. & Steinberg, L. (eds.) Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 665-696). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

160 There is strong evidence that hanging out with juvenile Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412; Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression, and media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904-908. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.021

160 In contrast, being part Lösel, F. & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), Suppl. 1, S8–S23. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029

161 Cliques are technically groups of Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. E. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology 41(4), 235-284. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7; Closson, L. M. (2009). Aggressive and prosocial behaviors within early adolescent friendship cliques: What’s status got to do with it? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(4), 406-435. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0035; Witvliet, M., Brendgen, M., van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Early adolescent depressive symptoms: Prediction from clique isolation, loneliness, and perceived social acceptance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1045–1056.

161 More problems arise when cliques have aggressive Closson, L. M. (2009). Aggressive and prosocial behaviors within early adolescent friendship cliques: What’s status got to do with it? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(4), 406-435. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0035; Witvliet, M., Brendgen, M., Van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Early adolescent depressive symptoms: Prediction from clique isolation, loneliness, and perceived social acceptance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1045–1056. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9426-x; Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 205−220; Kwon, K. & Lease, A. M. (2007). Clique membership and social adjustment in children’s same-gender cliques: The contribution of the type of clique to children’s self- reported adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53(2), 216–242.

161 . . . and kids who hang out with relationally aggressive kids Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412; Witvliet, M., van Lier, P. A. C., Brendgen, M., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Longitudinal associations between clique membership status and internalizing and externalizing problems during late childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(5), 693–704.

163 Gangs are groups of dangerous Simon, T. R., Ritter, N. M., & Mahendra, R. R. (eds) (2013). Changing course: Preventing gang membership. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/239234.pdf; Gangs and Your Child,” National Crime Prevention Council, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/by-audience/parents/gangs-and-your-child.

163 Gangs are active throughout National Youth Gang Survey Analysis: Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems, National Gang Center, http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis/Measuring-the-Extent-of-Gang-Problems#estimatednumbergangs.

163 It’s very difficult to estimate the proportion National Gang Center. National Youth Gang Survey Analysis. Retrieved February 28, 2016 from http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis.

164 Perpetration of crime is a well-known Fox, K. A., Rufino, K. A., & Kercher, G. A. (2011). Crime victimization and gang membership. Huntsville, TX: The Crime Victims’ Institute, Criminal Justice Center, & Sam Houston State University. Retrieved from http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Gang_Crime_Victimization_final.pdf.

164 Research shows that positive, nurturing Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412; Lösel, F. & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), Suppl. 1, S8–S23. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029; Fergusson, D. M., Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., & Brendgen, M. (2007). Protective and compensatory factors mitigating the influence of deviant friends on delinquent behaviours during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 33–50. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.05.007.

165 If the parenting measures described aren’t “Mentoring Resources,” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, http://www.ojjdp.gov/programs/mentoring.html; “What is Mentoring,” Youth Mentoring Connection, http://www.youthmentoring.org/03ment.html.

165 Research shows that when children have just one Sterrett, E. M., Jones, D. J., McKee, L. G., & Kincaid, C. (2011). Supportive non-parental adults and adolescent psychosocial functioning: Using social support as a theoretical framework. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3-4), 284–295. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9429-y

166 Kids who do better in school Fergusson, D. M., Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., & Brendgen, M. (2007). Protective and compensatory factors mitigating the influence of deviant friends on delinquent behaviours during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 33–50. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.05.007; Lösel, F. & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), Suppl. 1, S8–S23. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029

166 Get your kids involved Hoffman, J. P., & Xu, J. (2002). School activities, community service, and delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 48, 568-574; Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2006). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 305–318; Ward, E., & Ashley, D. (2013). The new imperative: Reducing adolescent-related violence by building resilient adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, S43-S45.

166 Siblings are peers too Stormshak, E. A., Bullock, B. M., & Falkenstein C. A. (2009). Harnessing the power of sibling relationships as a tool for optimizing social-emotional development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 126, 61-77. doi: 10.1002/cd.257

167 Children need prosocial friends Lösel, F. & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), Suppl. 1, S8–S23. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029

167 Being friendless or rejected by peers Witvliet, M., Brendgen, M., Van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Early adolescent depressive symptoms: Prediction from clique isolation, loneliness, and perceived social acceptance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1045–1056. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9426-x; Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. E. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology 41(4), 235-284. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7

167 Being likeable and accepted Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. E. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology 41(4), 235-284. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7

167 A child doesn’t need a whole bunch Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. E. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology 41(4), 235-284. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7; Lösel, F. & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2), Suppl. 1, S8–S23. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029

168 There are things you can do when your child Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. E. (2003). Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology 41(4), 235-284. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(03)00048-7

169 But keep in mind that some activities may connect Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412

169 Monitoring has been shown DeVore, E. R., & Ginsburg, K. R. (2005). The protective effects of good parenting on adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 17(4), 460-465.

174 Experts recommend starting to talk about gangs Fox, K. A., Rufino, K. A., & Kercher, G. A. (2011). Crime victimization and gang membership. Huntsville, TX: The Crime Victims’ Institute, Criminal Justice Center, & Sam Houston State University. Retrieved from http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Gang_Crime_Victimization_final.pdf; Simon, T. R., Ritter, N. M., & Mahendra, R. R. (eds) (2013). Changing course: Preventing gang membership. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/239234.pdf.

174 Being rejected is a risk factor for depression and acting aggressively Witvliet, M., Brendgen, M., Van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Early adolescent depressive symptoms: Prediction from clique isolation, loneliness, and perceived social acceptance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1045–1056. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9426-x; Dishion, T.J., & and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62: 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412; Masten CL, Eisenberger NI, Borofsky LA, McNealy K, Pfeifer JH,Dapretto M. (2011). Subgenual anterior cingulate responses to peer rejection: A marker of adolescents’ risk for depression. Developmental Pathopsychology, 23, 283–292; Flannery, D. J., Modzeleski, W., & Kretshmar, J. M. (2013). Violence and School Shootings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 331-338; Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & and Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 95- 118. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x

CHAPTER EIGHT

Sexual Aggression and Violence and How to Reduce Your Child’s Risk

176 “It’s not a matter of Dad…” Quotes by Kate Harding, goodreads.com, http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2445932.Kate_Harding.

176 On the night of August 11, 2012 Richard Oppel, Jr., “Ohio Teenagers Guilty in Rape That Social Media Brought to Light,” The New York Times, March 17, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/18/us/teenagers-found-guilty-in-rape-in-steubenville-ohio.html; Ariel Levy, “Trial by Twitter: After High-school Football Stars were Accused of Rape, Online Vigilantes Demanded that Justice be Served. Was It?,” The New Yorker, August 5, 2013, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/08/05/trial-by-twitter.

177 To protect children from sexual violence Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Breiding, M. J., Black, M. C., Mahendra, R. R. (2014). Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv_surveillance_definitionsl-2009-a.pdf.

177 There are many types of unwanted sexual acts “Sexual Violence,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/index.html.

178 Sexual assault . . . is defined as Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Rape And Sexual Assault,” http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=317#terms_def.

178 Rape. According to the FBI U.S. Department of Justice (2014). Attorney General Eric Holder announces revisions to the Uniform Crime Report’ definition of rape. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-eric-holder-announces-revisions-uniform-crime-report-s-definition-rape.

179 As a parent, you also need to know what legally defines consent Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Breiding, M. J., Black, M. C., Mahendra, R. R. (2014). Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv_surveillance_definitionsl-2009-a.pdf.

179 Child sexual abuse “Chapter 6, Sexual Violence, ” World Health Organization’s World Report on Violence and Health, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf.

179 What has been referred to as statutory rape Sandra Norman-Eady, Christopher Reinhart, and Peter Martino, “Statutory Rape Laws By State,” (April 14, 2003), http://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/olrdata/jud/rpt/2003-r-0376.htm.

179 Sexual assault and rape are tragically common “Sexual Violence, Facts at a Glance, 2012.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf.

179 In a 2013 survey of high school students Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013. MMWR 2014;63(4):1-168. Available at http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/23483.

179 Of the nearly one in five women “Sexual Violence, Facts at a Glance, 2012,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf.

180 Although girls are thought to be seven times Wordes, M., & Nunez, M. (2002). Our vulnerable teenagers: Their victimization, its consequences, and directions for prevention and intervention. The National Council on Crime and Delinquency & the National Center for Victims of Crime. Retrieved from http://www.victimsofcrime.org/docs/Documents/teen_victim_report.pdf?sfvrsn=0; “When Men Are Raped,” Ohio State University Rape Education and Prevention Program,
https://www.odh.ohio.gov/~/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/hprr/sexual%20assult/appendix182011.ashx.

180 According to a 2012 study of college males Turchik, J. A. (2012). Sexual victimization among male college students: Assault severity, sexual functioning, and health risk behaviors. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(3), 243-255.

180 Other studies indicate that 27% of male rape victims “Sexual Violence, Facts at a Glance, 2012.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf.

180 Although child abductions Snyder, H N. (July 2000). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics. National Center for Juvenile Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. [NCJ 182990]

180 The devastating impact of sexual assault Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN). Who are the victims? Breakdown by gender and age. Washington, DC: RAINN. Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/get-information/statistics/sexual-assault-victims.

180 What things make it more likely for a child to be victimized World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564007_eng.pdf; “Chapter 6, Sexual Violence, ” World Health Organization’s World Report on Violence and Health, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf; Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Livingston, J. A. (2010). Alcohol and sexual risk behaviors as mediators of the sexual victimization-revictimization relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 249-259. doi:10.1037/a0018914; Lauren Paulk, “Sexual Assault in the LGBT Community,” National Center for Lesbian Rights, April 30, 2014, http://www.nclrights.org/sexual-assault-in-the-lgbt-community/; Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/NISVS_SOfindings.pdf; Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as Gay, Lesbian or Bisexual in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(2), 55–66. http://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010390707; Chen, X., Thrane, L., Whitbeck, L. B., Johnson, K. D., & Hoyt, D. R. (2007). Onset of Conduct Disorder, Use of Delinquent Subsistence Strategies, and Street Victimization among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents in the Midwest. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(9), 1156–1183. http://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507303731

181 Warning signs of perpetration include World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564007_eng.pdf; “Sexual Violence: Risk and Protective Factors,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html; “Chapter 6, Sexual Violence, ” World Health Organization’s World Report on Violence and Health, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf; “End Violence Against Women Coalition response to Bailey Review on the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood,” End Violence Against Women (EVAW), March 2011, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xazYpEsmU-8J:www.edf.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/EVAW-Response-to-Bailey-Review-March-2011-FINAL.doc+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=usMarch 2011.

182 In his book Guyland Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The perilous world where boys become men (New York: Harper Collins, 2008), 224-225.

182 As you’ve probably guessed, protective factors are often the opposite World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564007_eng.pdf; “Sexual Violence: Risk and Protective Factors,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html

182 A strong parent-child Nation, M., Crusto, C., Wandersman, A., Kumpfer, K. L., Seybolt, D., Morrissey-Kane, E., & Davino, K. (2003). What works in prevention: Principles of effective prevention programs. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 449-456. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.449

182 You can help reduce boys’ risk “Chapter 6, Sexual Violence, ” World Health Organization’s World Report on Violence and Health, http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf.

185 Talk about ways they can stop assaults as a bystander Michael Winerip, “Stepping Up to Stop Sexual Assault,” The New York Times, February 7, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/education/edlife/stepping-up-to-stop-sexual-assault.html.

185 Contrary to past beliefs, there is now Tark, J., & Kleck, G. (2014). Resisting rape: The effects of victim self-protection on rape completion and injury. Violence Against Women, 20(3), 270-292. doi:10.1177/1077801214526050; Guerette, R. T., & Santana, S. A. (2010). Explaining victim self-protective behavior effects on crime incident outcomes. Crime & Delinquency, 56(2), 198-226. doi:10.1177/0011128707311644

186 Studies show that even black belts in martial arts can freeze Roger Olson, “Tactical Scene Safety: Part 3,” EMSWorld.com, July 14, 2011, http://www.emsworld.com/article/10318649/self-defense.

186 In her book, Rape is Rape, Jody Raphael, Rape Is Rape: How Denial, Distortion, and Victim Blaming Are Fueling a Hidden Acquaintance Rape Crisis (Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 2013).

187 As opposed to healthy dating relationships, dating violence Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., & Yeung, R. (2008). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: The influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(3), 359-372. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9269-0

187 How common is dating violence “Prevalence of Teen Dating Violence,” National Institute of Justice (October 29, 2014), http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/intimate-partner-violence/teen-dating-violence/pages/prevalence.aspx.

189 Therefore, substance-facilitated sexual assault Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN). Drug-facilitated sexual assult. Washington, DC: RAINN. Retrieved from https://rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault/drug-facilitated-assault.

189 First, you need to know that certain teenagers are more likely Lormand, D. K., Markham, C. M., Peskin, M. F., Byrd, T. L., Addy, R. C., Baumler, E., & Tortolero, S. R. (2013). Dating violence among urban, minority, middle school youth and associated sexual risk behaviors and substance use. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 415-421. doi:10.1111/josh.12045; Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., & Yeung, R. (2008). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: The influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(3), 359-372. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9269-0; East, P. L., & Hokoda, A. (2015). Risk and protective factors for sexual and dating violence victimization: A longitudinal, prospective study of Latino and African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(6), 1288-1300. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0273-5; Silverman, J.G., Raj, A., Mucci, L. A., & Hathaway, J. E. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. JAMA, 286(5), 572-579. doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.572

189 Why does early sexual activity increase risk Young, B. J., Furman, W., & Jones, M. C. (2012). Changes in adolescents' risk factors following peer sexual coercion: Evidence for a feedback loop. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 559-571. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000168; Lormand, D. K., Markham, C. M., Peskin, M. F., Byrd, T. L., Addy, R. C., Baumler, E., & Tortolero, S. R. (2013). Dating violence among urban, minority, middle school youth and associated sexual risk behaviors and substance use. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 415-421. doi:10.1111/josh.12045

189 There are things you can do to protect teens Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., & Yeung, R. (2008). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: The influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(3), 359-372. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9269-0; “Dating Matters Initiative,” cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/datingmatters/index.html; East, P. L., & Hokoda, A. (2015). Risk and protective factors for sexual and dating violence victimization: A longitudinal, prospective study of Latino and African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(6), 1288-1300. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0273-5; Garrido, E. F., & Taussig, H. N. (2013). Do parenting practices and pro-social peers moderate the association between intimate partner violence exposure and teen dating violence? Psychology of Violence, 3(4), 354–366. doi:10.1037/a0034036

190 Many characteristics of a child point to elevated risk of harming “Understanding Teen Dating Violence, Fact Sheet, 2014,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/teen-dating-violence-factsheet-a.pdf; Vagi, K. J., Rothman, E., Latzman, N. E., Tharp, A. T., Hall, D. M., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). Beyond correlates: A review of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(4), 633-649. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9907-7

190 Nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2013). Prevalence rates of male and female sexual violence perpetrators in a national sample of adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(12), 1125-1134. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2629

190 To protect your kids, examine Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., & Yeung, R. (2008). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: The influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(3), 359-372. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9269-0; Vagi, K. J., Rothman, E., Latzman, N. E., Tharp, A. T., Hall, D. M., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). Beyond correlates: A review of risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(4), 633-649. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9907-7

190 All of the following indicate that your child may be a victim U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2012). Teen dating violence—Awareness and prevention. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/news/e-updates/eupdate-11.html

191 Why do young people stay “Teens experiencing abusive relationships,” Teensagainstabuse.org, http://www.teensagainstabuse.org/index.php?q=understand

191 Your child might be perpetrating dating violence U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2012). Teen dating violence—Awareness and prevention. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/news/e-updates/eupdate-11.html.

194 The choice to date for adolescents Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Helfand, M. (2008). Ten years of longitudinal research on U.S. adolescent sexual behavior: Developmental correlates of sexual intercourse, and the importance of age, gender, and ethnic background. Developmental Review, 28(2), 153–224. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.06.001; Moilanen, K. L., Crockett, L. J., Raffaelli, M., & Jones, B. L. (2010). Trajectories of sexual risk from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 114–139. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00628.x; Henry, D. B., Schoeny, M. E., Deptual, D. P., & Slavick, J. T. (2007). Peer Selection and Socialization Effects on Adolescent Intercourse Without a Condom and Attitudes About the Costs of Sex. Child Development, 78(3), 825-838.

194 The average age of first sexual intercourse is Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., & Rudolph, J. L. (2004). Self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and adolescents’ sexual onset. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(3), 279–295. doi:10.1177/019027250406700304; “Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/key_statistics/s.htm#sexualactivity.

194 Some research reveals that sexual activity is occurring Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Battista, D. (2010). Early predictors of sexually intimate behaviors in an urban sample of young girls. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 366-378. doi:10.1037/a0018409; Billari, F. C., & Mencarini L. (2003). Gender composition of friendship networks and age at first intercourse: a life-course data analysis. Statistical Methods & Applications, 12, 377–390. DOI: 10.1007/s10260-003-0077-8

194 Six percent of females reported initiation Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Battista, D. (2010). Early predictors of sexually intimate behaviors in an urban sample of young girls. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 366-378. doi:10.1037/a0018409; Parkes, A. Waylen, A., Sayal, K., Heron, J., Henderson, M., Wight, D., & Macleod, J. (2014). Which Behavioral, Emotional and School Problems in Middle-Childhood Predict Early Sexual Behavior? Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43, 507–527. DOI 10.1007/s10964-013-9973-x

194 Here are risk factors for early sexual activity Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Battista, D. (2010). Early predictors of sexually intimate behaviors in an urban sample of young girls. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 366-378. doi:10.1037/a0018409

194 Feeling the need to have a partner Newcomb, M. D., Huba, G. J., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Determinants of sexual and dating behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 428-438. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.428

194 Girls who’ve been neglected Reid, J. A., & Sullivan, C. J. (2009). A model of vulnerability for adult sexual victimization: The impact of attachment, child maltreatment, and scarred sexuality. Violence and victims, 24(4): 485-501. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.485

194 When parents indicate that sex at younger ages Longmore, M. A., Eng, A. L., Giordano, P. C., & Manning, W. D. (2009). Parenting and adolescents’ sexual initiation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 969-982. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00647.x

194 Insufficient parental warmth and support Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Battista, D. (2010). Early predictors of sexually intimate behaviors in an urban sample of young girls. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 366-378. doi:10.1037/a0018409

195 Early dating is a clear indicator Parkes, A., Waylen, A., Sayal, K., Heron, J., Henderson, M., Wight, D., & Macleod, J. (2014). Which behavioral, emotional and school problems in middle-childhood predict early sexual behavior? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(4), 507-527. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9973-x

195 Using concern and compromises Longmore, M. A., Eng, A. L., Giordano, P. C., & Manning, W. D. (2009). Parenting and adolescents’ sexual initiation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 969-982. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00647.x

195 Better parent–child relationships with Moilanen, K. L., Crockett, L. J., Raffaelli, M., & Jones, B. L. (2010). Trajectories of sexual risk from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 114–139. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00628.x; Deptula, D. P., Henry, D. B., & Schoeny, M. E. (2010). How can parents make a difference? Longitudinal associations with adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(6), 731–739. doi:10.1037/a0021760.

195 Sharing values of delaying intercourse Parkes, A., Henderson, M., Wight, D., & Nixon, C. (2011). Is parenting associated with teenagers’ early sexual risk-taking, autonomy and relationship with sexual partners? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43, 30-40. doi:10.1363/4303011

195 In contrast, perceiving that friends Buhi, E. R. & Goodson, P. (2007). Predictors of adolescent sexual behavior and intention: A theory-guided systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 4–21.

195 You might have questions or concerns about casual sex Klipfel, K. M., Claxton, S. E, & van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2014). Interpersonal aggression victimization within casual sexual relationships and experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(3), 557-569. doi:10.1177/0886260513505207; Justin R. Garcia, Chris Reiber, Sean G. Massey, and Ann M. Merriwether, “Sexual Hook-up Culture,” APA Monitor (Vol. 44, No. 2), February 2013, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/02/ce-corner.aspx; Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2013). Sexual hookup culture: A review. Review of General Psychology, 16(2): 161–176. doi:10.1037/a0027911

196 Up to one-third of casual sexual experiences Klipfel, K. M., Claxton, S. E, & van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2014). Interpersonal aggression victimization within casual sexual relationships and experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(3), 557-569. doi:10.1177/0886260513505207

196 Higher frequency of sexual activity outside Furman, W., & Collibee, C. (2014). Sexual Activity with Romantic and Nonromantic Partners and Psychosocial Adjustment in Young Adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(7),1327–1341. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0293-3

197 Regret after encounters is common Justin R. Garcia, Chris Reiber, Sean G. Massey, and Ann M. Merriwether, “Sexual Hook-up Culture,” APA Monitor (Vol. 44, No. 2), February 2013, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/02/ce-corner.aspx; Furman, W., & Collibee, C. (2014). Sexual activity with romantic and nonromantic partners and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(7),1327–1341. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0293-3

197 As stated in an article in the American Psychological Association’s Monitor Justin R. Garcia, Chris Reiber, Sean G. Massey, and Ann M. Merriwether, “Sexual Hook-up Culture,” APA Monitor (Vol. 44, No. 2), February 2013, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/02/ce-corner.aspx.

197 As opposed to healthy sexual development, sexualization American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf.

198 So what causes girls to think that their value Ibid.

199 Many studies show links between female sexualization Ibid.; “End Violence Against Women Coalition response to Bailey Review on the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood,” End Violence Against Women (EVAW), March 2011, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xazYpEsmU-8J:www.edf.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/EVAW-Response-to-Bailey-Review-March-2011-FINAL.doc+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=usMarch 2011.

199 When boys and young men have stereotypical beliefs Vogel, B. L. (2000). Correlates of pre-college males’ sexual aggression: Attitudes, beliefs and behavior. Women and Criminal Justice, 11(3), 25-47. doi:10.1300/J012v11n03_02; Murnen, S. K., Wright, C., & Kaluzny, G. (2002). If “boys will be boys,” then girls will be victims? A meta-analytic review of the research that relates masculine ideology to sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 46(11-12), 359-375.

200 Studies show that when victims are objectified Rudman, L. A., & Mescher, K. (2012). Of animals and objects: Men’s implicit dehumanization of women and likelihood of sexual aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 734–746. doi:10.1177/0146167212436401

200 Pornography, which often objectifies “Facts for Prevention: The Impact of Pornography on Children & Youth,” National Coalition to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (January 14, 2011), http://www.preventtogether.org/Resources/Documents/Impact_of_Porn_on_Youth_9.pdf; Flood, M. (2009). The harms of pornography exposure among children and young people. Child Abuse Review, 18(6), 384 – 400. doi:10.1002/car.1092

200 Research evidence points to the sexualization Coy, M. (2009). Milkshakes, lady lumps and growing up to want boobies: How the sexualization of popular culture limits girls’ horizons. Child Abuse Review, 18(6), 372–383. doi: 10.1002/car.1094

200 Experts believe that viewing sexualized American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf.

200 In 2014 there were more than fifteen hundred reported cases “Sex Trafficking in the U.S.,” PolarisProject.org, http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/sex-trafficking-in-the-us
https://traffickingresourcecenter.org/states.

201 Estimates are that up to 325,000 American US Department of Health and Human Services, ASPE, August 30, 2009, https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/human-trafficking-and-within-united-states-review-literature.

CHAPTER NINE

Drug and Alcohol Use That Heighten Chances of Violence

204 “Instead of a criminal…” Shannon A. Thompson Quotes, goodreads.com, http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/1281859-instead-of-a-criminal-or-a-drug-addict-i-was.

205 In the United States, drug use is highest DrugFacts: Nationwide Trends (2014). National Institute of Drug Abuse. Available at http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nationwide-trends.

205 According to the 2015 Monitoring the Future Survey, nearly half Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2015.pdf.

205 In 2013, more than one-fifth of eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.htm#2.3.

205 Second, we want to point out that because of brain “Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem,” The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University (June 2011), http://www.casacolumbia.org/addiction-research/reports/adolescent-substance-use; “Teen substance use,” The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA),
http://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction-prevention/teenage-addiction.

206 When the CDC studies the effectiveness of parenting Thornton, T. N., Craft, C. A., Dahlberg, L. L., Lynch, B. S., & Baer, K. Best practices of youth violence prevention: A sourcebook for community action. (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2000); David-Ferdon C, Simon TR. Preventing Youth Violence: Opportunities for Action. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/pdf/opportunities-for-action.pdf.

206 Research shows that using drugs or alcohol increases the risk of being a victim U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime. (2005). National victim assistance academy VIDEOTAPE SERIES: Substance abuse and victimization. Retrieved from http://ojp.gov/ovc/pdftxt/substance_abuse_victimization_vdguide.pdf; Disney, L., Hayward, A., & LaVallee, R. (2010). Illicit drug use and criminal behavior: A literature review. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/illicit_drug_use_and_criminal_behavior_literature_review_2010.pdf.

206 The US Bureau of Justice Statistics has reported Hart, T. C. (2003). National Crime Victimization Survey, 1995-2000: Violent Victimization of College Students, NCJ 196143. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Special Report. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vvcs00.pdf.

206 One of the most common types of violence Smith, P. H., Homish, C. G., Leonard, K. E., Cornelius, J. R. (2012). Intimate partner violence and specific substance use disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 236-245. doi:10.1037/a0024855

206 There are many ways substances make people more vulnerable    U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime. (2005). National victim assistance academy VIDEOTAPE SERIES: Substance abuse and victimization. Retrieved from http://ojp.gov/ovc/pdftxt/substance_abuse_victimization_vdguide.pdf; Ruback, R. B., Clark, V. A., & Warner, C. (2014). Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization–revictimization link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 157–185. doi:10.1177/0886260513504626; US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, “Consequences of youth substance abuse,” 1998. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/drugid/ration-03.html.

207 The strongest predictor of being victimized is prior        Ruback, R. B., Clark, V. A., & Warner, C. (2014). Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization–revictimization link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 157–185. doi:10.1177/0886260513504626

207 Having a parent with a substance abuse problem US Department of Justice, US Drug Enforcement Administration, “Victim witness assistance program,” http://www.dea.gov/resource-center/victims-crime.shtml.

207 There is overwhelming evidence that drug and alcohol use Disney, L., Hayward, A., & LaVallee, R. (2010). Illicit drug use and criminal behavior: A literature review. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/illicit_drug_use_and_criminal_behavior_literature_review_2010.pdf; Lane, S. D., Kjome, K. L., & Moeller, F. G. (2011). Neuropsychiatry of aggression. Neurologic Clinics, 29, 49-64. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.006

208 Pharmacological effects include Friedman, A. S., Terras, A., & Glassman, K. (2003). The differential disinhibition effect of marijuana use on violent behavior: A comparison of this effect on a conventional, non-delinquent group versus a delinquent or deviant group. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 22(3), 63-78. doi:10.1300/J069v22n03_06

208 The US Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice “Consequences of Youth Substance Abuse,” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (May 1998), http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/drugid/ration-03.html.

208 Ads, movies, popular music, Slater, M. D., & Henry, K. L. (2013). Prospective influence of music-related media exposure on adolescent substance-use initiation: A peer group mediation model. Journal of Health Communication, 18(3), 291-305. doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.727959; The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, CASA, “Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem,” June 2011, pp. 74-75.

208 Young adults, more than any other age group Johnson, E. M., & Belfer, M. L. (1995). Substance Abuse and Violence: Cause and Consequence. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 6(2), 113-121. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0578

208 Encouragingly, according to the National Institute of Drug Abuse’s 2015 report Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Available at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2015.pdf.

208 In 2010 it was estimated that 4% “United States Adolescent Substance Abuse Facts,” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (July 2013), http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/substance-abuse/states/us.html.

208 In addition, 45% of college students report binge Gervais, S. DiLillo, D. & McChargue, D. E. (2014). Understanding the link between men’s alcohol use and sexual violence perpetration: The mediating role of sexual objectification. Psychology of Violence, 3(4), 1-14. doi:10.1037/a0033840 Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology, Paper 626. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/626; National Institute of Health, “College Drinking,” http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/CollegeFactSheet/CollegeFactSheet.pdf.

208 Males and females are affected differently by alcohol Mumenthaler, M. S., Taylor, J. L., O’Hara, R., & Yesavage, J. A. (1999). Gender differences in moderate drinking effects. Alcohol Research & Health, 23, 55-64. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-1/55-64.pdf

209 Alcohol intoxication causes a loss of inhibition Lane, S. D., Kjome, K. L., & Moeller, F. G. (2011). Neuropsychiatry of aggression. Neurologic Clinics, 29, 49-64. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.006; “Factors that Increase Sexual Assault Risk,” National Institute of Justice (October 2008), http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/rape-sexual-violence/campus/pages/increased-risk.aspx; “Factors that Increase Sexual Assault Risk,” National Institute of Justice (October 2008), http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/rape-sexual-violence/campus/pages/increased-risk.aspx; Johnson, E. M., & Belfer, M. L. (1995). Substance Abuse and Violence: Cause and Consequence. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 6(2), 113-121. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0578

209 Kids who start drinking before age thirteen Swahn, M. H., Bossarte, R. M., & Sullivent, E. E. (2008). Age of alcohol use initiation, suicidal behavior, and peer and dating violence victimization and perpetration among high-risk, seventh-grade adolescents. Pediatrics, 121(2), 297-305. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2348

209 Besides victimization, drinking excessive alcohol is also linked Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). Alcohol misuse and juvenile offending in adolescence. Addiction, 91, 483–494.

209 Another study with eleven Shepherd, J. P., Sutherland, I., & Newcombe, R. G. (2006). Relations between alcohol, violence and victimization in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 539-553. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.06.005

209 The link between alcohol and physical aggression White, H. R., Fite, P., Pardini, D., Mun, E. Y., & Loeber, R. (2013). Moderators of the dynamic link between alcohol use and aggressive behavior among adolescent males. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(2), 211–222. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9673-0

209 Alcohol intoxication is highly associated Lane, S. D., Kjome, K. L., & Moeller, F. G. (2011). Neuropsychiatry of aggression. Neurologic Clinics, 29, 49-64. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.10.006

209 More than half of all domestic violence incidents involve alcohol Smith, P. H., Homish, C. G., Leonard, K. E., Cornelius, J. R. (2012). Intimate partner violence and specific substance use disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 236-245. doi:10.1037/a0024855; National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence, “Alcohol, durgs, and crime,” https://ncadd.org/about-addiction/alcohol-drugs-and-crime; McNaughton Reyes, H.L., Foshee, V. A., Bauer, D. J., & Ennett, S. T. (2014). Proximal and time-varying effects of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other hard drug use on adolescent dating aggression. Journal of Adolescence 37(3), 281-289. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.002

210 It also reduces ability to reason, alters sense National Institute of Health, National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism, No. 38 October 1997, “Alcohol, Violence, and Aggression.” Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa38.htm

210 Because this is a parenting book “Facts about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs),” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 16, 2015, http://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/fasd/facts.html.

210 The dangers of driving drunk “Drunk Driving Statistics,” MADD.org, http://www.madd.org/drunk-driving/about/drunk-driving-statistics.html.

211 While alcohol use has declined in youth, cannabis Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

211 Children with multiple serious behavior problems Storr, C. L., Accornero, V. H., & Crum, R. M. (2007). Profiles of current disruptive behavior: Association with recent drug consumption among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 32(2), 248–264. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.045

211 Research also shows a substantial, continually increasing belief Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

211 In the 1970s, pot contained around 3% Alice G. Walton, “New Study Shows How Marijuana's Potency Has Changed Over Time,” Forbes, March 23, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2015/03/23/pot-evolution-how-the-makeup-of-marijuana-has-changed-over-time/#5c7f51015579; Greydanus, D. E., Hawver, E. K., Greydanus, M. M., & Merrick, J. (2013). Marijuana: Current concepts. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, Article 42. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00042; https://www.coloradopotguide.com/colorado-marijuana-blog/2014/february/06/different-types-of-marijuana-concentrates-available-in-colorado/.

211 Addiction can now occur Hurd, Y. L., Michaelides, M., Miller, M. L., & Jutras-Aswad, D. (2014). Trajectory of adolescent cannabis use on addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology, 76(Pt. B), 416-424. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.028; National Institute of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, “DrugFacts: Marijuana, What is marijuana,” Revised September 2015, https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana.

211 Studies have shown increased psychopathology Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. (2013). Cannabis use during adolescent development: Susceptibility to psychiatric illness. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 129. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00129; Bagot, K. S., Milin, R., Kaminer, Y. (2015). Adolescent initiation of cannabis use and early-onset psychosis. Substance Abuse. doi:10.1080/08897077.2014.995332; Lubman, D. I., Cheethama, A., and Yücel, M. (2015). Cannabis and adolescent brain development. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 148, 1-16; Greydanus, D. E., Hawver, E. K., Greydanus, M. M., & Merrick, J. (2013). Marijuana: current concepts. Frontiers in Public Health 1, article 42; Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E.. (2012). Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ 325:1212–3.

211 Exposure to cannabis may be especially devastating for fetuses Wu, C. S., Jew, C. P., & Lu, H. C. (2011). Lasting impacts of prenatal cannabis exposure and the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the developing brain. Future Neurology, 6(4), 459–480. doi:10.2217/fnl.11.27; El Marroun, H., Hudziak, J. J., Tiemeier, H., Creemers, H., Steegers, E. A., Jaddoe, V. W., . . . & Huizink, A. C. (2011). Intrauterine cannabis exposure leads to more aggressive behavior and attention problems in 18-month-old girls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2-3), 470-474. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.004

212 Cannabis is one of two substances most highly Smith, P. H., Homish, C. G., Leonard, K. E., Cornelius, J. R. (2012). Intimate partner violence and specific substance use disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 236-245. doi:10.1037/a0024855.

212 But there are also risks of violence against oneself Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Swain-Campbell, N. (2002). Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction, 97(9), 1123–1135. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00103.x

212 Evidence suggests that high doses Elaine Gottlieb, “Cannabis: A Danger to the Adolescent Brain – How Pediatricians Can Address Marijuana Use,” Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project (August 2012), http://www.mcpap.com/pdf/Cannibis.pdf; Greydanus, D. E., Hawver, E. K., Greydanus, M. M., & Merrick, J. (2013). Marijuana: current concepts. Frontiers in Public Health 1, article 42.

212 Luke Goodman was a twenty-three-year-old Brian Maass, “Marijuana Edibles Blamed For Keystone Death”, CBS Denver, March 25, 2015, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2015/03/25/marijuana-edibles-blamed-for-keystone-death/.

212 In 2014, nineteen-year-old college student Levy Thamba Kieran Nicholson, “Man who plunged from Denver balcony ate 6x recommended amount of pot cookie,” The Denver Post, April 17, 2014, http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_25585976/man-who-plunged-from-denver-balcony-ate-6.

213 But cannabis can produce altered perceptions Norström, T., & Rossow, I. (2014). Cannabis use and violence: Is there a link? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 358–363. doi:10.1177/1403494814525003; Greydanus, D. E., Hawver, E. K., Greydanus, M. M., & Merrick, J. (2013). Marijuana: Current concepts. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, Article 42. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.0004

213 A new, growing body of research shows Moore, T. M., & Stuart, G. L. (2005). A review of the literature on marijuana and interpersonal violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(2), 171–192. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.002; Norström, T., & Rossow, I. (2014). Cannabis use and violence: Is there a link? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 358–363. doi:10.1177/1403494814525003

213 In one study, men reported that they were twice Dawson, D. A. (1997). Alcohol, drugs, fighting, and suicide attempt/ideation. Addiction Research, 5(6), 451 – 472.

213 In a study of inner-city young adults, violent Friedman, A. S., Terras, A., & Glassman, K. (2003). The differential disinhibition effect of marijuana use on violent behavior: A comparison of this effect on a conventional, non-delinquent group versus a delinquent or deviant group. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 22(3), 63-78. doi:10.1300/J069v22n03_06; Friedman, A. S., Glassman, K., Terras, A. (2001). Violent behavior as related to use of marijuana and other drugs. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 20, 49-72. doi:10.1300/J069v20n01_06

213 A large review on cannabis and interpersonal violence Moore, T. M., & Stuart, G. L. (2005). A review of the literature on marijuana and interpersonal violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(2), 171–192. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.002; McNaughton Reyes, H.L., Foshee, V. A., Bauer, D. J., & Ennett, S. T. (2014). Proximal and Time-Varying Effects of Cigarette, Alcohol, Marijuana and other Hard Drug Use on Adolescent Dating Aggression. Journal of Adolescence 37(3), 281-289.

213 Not all studies show an increase in aggression Moore, T. M., & Stuart, G. L. (2005). A review of the literature on marijuana and interpersonal violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(2), 171–192. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.002

213 There’s also a strong link between juvenile delinquency Chabrol, H., Saint-Martin, C. (2009). Cannabis use and delinquent behaviors in high-school students. Addictive Behaviors, 34(2), 187–189. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.005; Stoddard, S. A., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Walton, M. A., Zimmerman, M. A., Chermack, S. T., Blow, F. C., . . . & Cunningham, R. M. (2015). Substance use and violence among youth: A daily calendar analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(3), 328-339. doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.980953;

213 About 80% of adolescents in the criminal justice Crowley T. Marijuana use and conduct disorder. NIDA Notes. 1999; 13, 14.

214 Synthetic marijuana DrugFacts: High School and Youth Trends,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (December 2014), http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends; Brewer, T. L., & Collins, M. (2013). A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 19(2), 119-26. doi: 10.1111/jspn.12057

214 Next to alcohol, marijuana is the most common substance National Institutes of Health, Drugged Driving, http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/drugged-driving; “Fatal Car Crashes Involving Pot Use Have Tripled in U.S., Study Finds,” WebMD.com, February 4, 2014, http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20140204/fatal-car-crashes-involving-pot-use-have-tripled-in-us-study-finds; Scherer, M., Voas, R. B., & Furr-Holden, D. (2013). Marijuana as a Predictor of Concurrent Substance Use Among Motor Vehicle Operators. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(3), 211–217.

214 You need to know that adolescent cannabis use significantly Hurd, Y. L., Michaelides, M., Miller, M. L., & Jutras-Aswad, D. (2014). Trajectory of adolescent cannabis use on addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology, 76(Pt. B), 416-424. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.028; Mayet A, Legleye S, Falissard B, & Chau N. (2012). Cannabis use stages as predictors of subsequent initiation with other illicit drugs among French adolescents: use of a multi-state model. Addictive Behaviors, 37(2):160-6. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.09.012.

214 But it’s also important to know that victims often turn to drugs Ruback, R. B., Clark, V. A., & Warner, C. (2014). Why are crime victims at risk of being victimized again? Substance use, depression, and offending as mediators of the victimization–revictimization link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 157–185. doi:10.1177/0886260513504626

215 Cocaine Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs. (2009). Drugs and Violence. World Health Organization. Www.CPh.ORG.UK; Smith, P. H., Homish, C. G., Leonard, K. E., Cornelius, J. R. (2012). Intimate partner violence and specific substance use disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 236-245. doi:10.1037/a0024855.

215 Narcotics and heroin Hoaken, P. N., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 28(9), 1533–1554. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.033; Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs. (2009). Drugs and Violence. World Health Organization. Www.CPh.ORG.UK; Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., Surratt, H. L., & Kurtz, S. P. (2014). The changing face of heroin use in the United States: A retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA Psychiatry 71(7), 821-826.

215 Methamphetamine Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs. (2009). Drugs and Violence. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/violenceprevention/interpersonal_violence_and_illicit_drug_use.pdf; Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

215 Other amphetamines and stimulants CASA (National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association), and The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, “Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem,” June 2011, pp. 28, 50; Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

216 Club drugs include ecstasy “Tips for Parents: The Truth about Club Drugs,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs; Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs. (2009). Drugs and Violence. World Health Organization; Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

216 Sniffed or inhaled substances Tormoehlen, L. M., Tekulve, K. J., & Nañagas, K. A. (2014). Hydrocarbon toxicity: A review. Clinical Toxicology, 52(5), 479-489. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.923904; Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

216 According to Laurence Steinberg CASA (National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association), and The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, “Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem,” June 2011, pp. 67.

216 Research supports that parents are the most powerful Williams, J. F., Burton, R. S., & Warzinski, S. S. (2014). The role of the parent in adolescent substance use. Pediatric Annals, 43(10), 410. doi:10.3928/00904481-20140924-07; DeVore, E. R., & Ginsburg, K. R. (2005). The protective effects of good parenting on adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 17(4), 460-465.

216-217 Many adults have their own issues with alcohol Parental Substance Use and the Child Welfare System, Child Welfare Information Gateway, Bulletin for Professionals, October 2014, https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/parentalsubabuse.pdf.

217 Research on specifically avoiding the two most commonly Williams, J. F., Burton, R. S., & Warzinski, S. S. (2014). The role of the parent in adolescent substance use. Pediatric Annals, 43(10), 410. doi:10.3928/00904481-20140924-07; Haug, S., Núñez, C. L., Becker, J., Gmel, G., Schaub, M. P. (2014). Predictors of onset of cannabis and other drug use in male young adults: Results from a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 14, 1202. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1202; Vermeulen-Smit, E., Verdurmen, J. E., Engels, R. C., & Vollebergh, W. A. (2015). The role of general parenting and cannabis-specific parenting practices in adolescent cannabis and other illicit drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 147, 222-228. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.014; Wu, L. T., Swartz, M. S., Brady, K. T., Hoyle, R. H. (2015). Perceived cannabis use norms and cannabis use among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 64, 79-87. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.022

217 Here’s another crucial prevention Fox, C. L., Towe, S. L., Stephens, R. S., Walker, D. D., & Roffman, R. A. (2011). Motives for cannabis use in high-risk adolescent users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 492–500. doi:10.1037/a0024331

218 Limit exposure to media showing drug Slater, M. D., & Henry, K. L. (2013). Prospective influence of music-related media exposure on adolescent substance-use initiation: A peer group mediation model. Journal of Health Communication, 18(3), 291-305. doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.727959

220 There are several ways to test for substances Greydanus, D. E., Hawver, E. K., Greydanus, M. M., & Merrick, J. (2013). Marijuana: Current concepts. Frontiers in Public Health, 1, Article 42. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00042; Robert L. Stephenson, “Statement on Products Used to Thwart Detection in Drug Testing Programs,” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (November 2007), http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2007/10/t20071101c.html.

CHAPTER TEN

Home Gun Violence and How to Guard Against It

223 “An inquisitive two-year-old boy…” McCoy, T. (2014, December 31). “The inside story of how an Idaho toddler shot his mom at Wal-Mart,” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/31/the-inside-story-of-how-an-idaho-toddler-shot-his-mom-at-wal-mart/.

223 In 2014, Mary Barra, Vlsaic, B. & Ivory, D. (2014, June 18). Barra Faces Scrutiny in House Over G.M. Recalls. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/business/house-hearing-on-general-motors-recalls.html.

223 Ironically that is the same number Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. (2014). Details of leading causes of death, available at http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html.

224 The United States has more guns Weinberger SE, Hoyt DB, Lawrence HC, Levin S, Henley DE, Alden ER, et al. Firearm-Related Injury and Death in the United States: A Call to Action From 8 Health Professional Organizations and the American Bar Association. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:513-516. doi:10.7326/M15-0337. Available at http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2151828; Krouse, W. J. (2012). ‘How many guns are in the United States? Gun Control Legislation, pp. 8-9. Washington, DC: United States Congressional Research Service. 14 November. Available at http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/citation/quotes/6676.

224 Collectively we have Rogers, S. (2012). Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country. The Guardian (July 22, 2013). http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list; Jerry Hirsch, “253 million cars and trucks on U.S. roads; average age is 11.4 years,” LATimes.com, http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-ihs-automotive-average-age-car-20140609-story.html.

224 Approximately 60% are Krouse, W. J. (2012). How many guns are in the United States? Gun Control Legislation, pp. 8-9. Washington, DC: United States Congressional Research Service. 14 November.

224 About one-third of American adults Kalesan, B., Villarreal, M. D., Keyes. K. M., & Galea S. (2015). Gun ownership and social gun culture. Injury Prevention, published online Jun 29, 2015. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041586.

224 Most households with guns have more than one Hepburn, L., Miller, M., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2007). The US gun stock: Results from the 2004 national firearms survey. Injury Prevention,13, 15-19.

224 It’s estimated that about 4% of our citizens own 65% of the guns American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx.

224 Physicians and public health specialists Bernstein, L. (2014, April 10). Gun violence as a public health issue. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2016 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/04/10/gun-violence-as-a-public-health-issue/; Siddiqui, S. (2015, February 25). Top Medical Groups Say Gun Violence Is A Public Health Crisis. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2016 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/24/guns-public-health_n_6747982.html; George Washington University School of Public Health (2014, March 18). America’s gun violence epidemic [infographic]. Retrieved Jun 10, 2015 from http://publichealthonline.gwu.edu/americas-gun-violence-epidemic-infographic/.

225 Guns are used to commit Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, Special Report: Firearm Violence, 1993-2011 (May 2013), http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fv9311.pdf.

225 Guns are also used in many nonfatal Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, Special Report: Firearm Violence, 1993-2011 (May 2013), http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fv9311.pdf.

225 The total cost of gun-related violence Natasha Bertrand, “A breakdown of the $229 billion gun violence tab that American taxpayers are paying every year,” BusinessInsider.com, April 24, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/gun-violence-costs-america-more-than-229-billion-every-year-2015-4; “Statistics on the Costs of Gun Violence,” Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, April 17, 2015, http://smartgunlaws.org/costs-of-gun-violence-statistics/.

225 Although gun-related homicides Alpers, P. & Marcus, W. (2013, August 14). Global impact of gun violence: Firearms, public health and safety. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org. Retrieved June 13, 2015 fromhttp://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2013). UNODC Homicide Statistics 2013; Table Percentages of homicides by mechanism, time series 2005-2012. Retrieved February 28, 2016 from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html.

225 CDC data indicate that 3,800 young people Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Data obtained using the WISQAR database on Fatal Injury Data Report system, Details of Leading Causes of Death. Retrieved February 27, 2016 from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html.

225 In 2013 (the latest CDC injury data available), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data obtained using the WISQARS database on Nonfatal Injury Reports, 2001-2013. Available at http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates2001.html.

225 Compared to older adults, homicide Fatal Injury Reports, National and Regional, 1999 – 2013, http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html; “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481.

225 It may surprise you National Gang Center. National Youth Gang Survey Analysis: Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems. Retrieved February 28, 2016 from https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis/Measuring-the-Extent-of-Gang-Problems#homicidesnumber.

225 More than three thousand National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data obtained using the WISQARS database on Nonfatal Injury Reports, 2001-2013. Available at http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates2001.html.

225 In Kentucky, a five-year-old Ortiz, E. (2013, May 2). Kentucky Girl, 2, Fatally Shot in Chest by 5-Year-Old Brother. The New York Daily News. Retrieved July 10, 2015 from http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/single-shot-chest-killed-kentucky-toddler-police-article-1.1333069.

225 Of accidental shooting deaths of children Li, G., Baker, S. P., DiScala, C., Fowler, C., Ling, J., & Kelen, G. D. (1996). Factors associated with the intent of firearm-related injuries in pediatric trauma patients. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150(11):1160-5; “Innocents lost: A year of unintentional child gun deaths,” EverytownResearch.org, June 24, 2014, http://everytownresearch.org/reports/innocents_lost/.

225 In a recent review of gun deaths Children’s Defense Fund. Protect children not guns 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2015 from http://www.childrensdefense.org/library/protect-children-not-guns/protect-children-not-guns-2013.pdf.

226 To put the effect of gun violence has Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Data obtained using the WISQAR database on Fatal Injury Data Report 1999 to 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2016 from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html; Peralta, E. (2014, December 30). Number Of Police Officers Killed Spikes In 2014. National Public Radio, Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/12/30/373985338/report-number-of-police-officers-killed-spikes-in-2014.

226 More than five thousand American children and teens September 11th Fast Facts CNN Library. Retrieved on March 27, 2015 from http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/; Fischer, H. (2013, February 5). U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom, Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 20, 2015 from http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/security-military/us-military-casualty-statistics-costs-war-iraq-afghanistan-post-911#sthash.lDxUzhY5.dpuf.

226 More than thirty-five thousand children Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Data obtained using the WISQAR database on Nonfatal Injury Reports, 2001-2013. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates2001.html; Fischer, H. (2013, February 5). U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom, Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 20, 2015 from http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/security-military/us-military-casualty-statistics-costs-war-iraq-afghanistan-post-911#sthash.lDxUzhY5.dpuf.

226 In 2013, the Pew Foundation Pew Research Center (2013). Why own a gun? Protection is now top reason. Retrieved February 26, 2016 fromhttp://www.people-press.org/2013/03/12/why-own-a-gun-protection-is-now-top-reason/.

226 Research shows that many resistance measures Hemenway, D., & Solnick, S.J., (2015.) The epidemiology of self-defense gun use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011. Preventive Medicine 79, 22–27; Southwick, L. (2000). Self-defense with guns—the consequences. Journal of Criminal Justice 28, 351-370; Tark, J., & Kleck, G. (2004). Resisting crime: The effects of victim action on the outcomes of crimes. Criminology, 42, 861-910;

226 While most studies show no significant differences Branas, C. C., Richmond, T. S., Culhane, D. P., Ten Have, T. R., & Wiebe, D. J. (2009). Investigating the link between gun possession and gun assault. American Journal of Public Health, 99(11):2034– 2040.

226 Also, multiple scientific studies Hemenway, D., & Solnick, S.J., (2015.) The epidemiology of self-defense gun use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011. Preventive Medicine 79, 22–27; McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Presser, S. (2000). Measuring civilian defensive firearm use: A methodological experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(10), 1-19.

226 Privately conducted surveys Azrael, Deborah R; Hemenway, David. In the safety of your own home: Results from a national survey of gun use at home. Social Science and Medicine. 2000; McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Presser, S. (2000). Measuring civilian defensive firearm use: A methodological experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(10), 1-19.); Hemenway, D., & Solnick, S.J., (2015.) The epidemiology of self-defense gun use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011. Preventive Medicine 79, 22–27.

227 Adolescents are much more likely Hemenway, D., & Miller, M. (2004). Gun threats against and self-defense gun use by California adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 395-400.

227 In contrast to findings on property loss Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 101-110.

227 Most victims of homicide by firearm American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx; American Academy of Pediatrics (2013). Gun safety: Keeping children safe. Retrieved May 5, 2015 from, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Gun-Safety-Keeping-Children-Safe.aspx.

227 Research shows that females (aged eighteen and older) Wiebe, D. J. (2003). Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: A national case-control study. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41(6): 771-782; Bailey, J. E., Kellermann, A. L., Somes, G. W., Banon, J. G., Rivara, F. P., Rushforth, N. P. (1997). Risk factors for violent death of women in the home. Archives of Internal Medicine 157, 777-782.

227 Not only is purchasing a handgun not Wintemute, G. J., Wright, M. A., Drake, C. M. (2003). Increased Risk of Intimate Partner Homicide Among California Women Who Purchased Handguns. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41(2), 281-283.

227 According to the American College American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “Statement of Policy: Gun Violence and Safety,” February 2014.

227 A common victim of domestic violence National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, National Statistics, http://www.ncadv.org/learn/statistics; Campbell, J. C., Webster, J., Koziol-McLain, C. R., et al. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multi-site case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1089-1097.

227 In 2014, noting that women in domestic abuse Supreme Court Decision Limits Batterers' Access to Guns. (2014, April 11). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ovw/blog/supreme-court-decision-limits-batterers-access-guns.

227 Research on restricted access Zeoli, A. M., & Webster, D.W. (2010). Effects of domestic violence policies, alcohol taxes, and police staffing levels on intimate partner homicide in large U.S. cities. Injury Prevention 16, 90-95.

228 At all ages, suicide is accomplished Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Data obtained using the WISQAR database on Fatal Injury Data Report 1999 to 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2016 from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html.

228 Access to a firearm increases the chance of being a victim of suicide American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) Gun safety: Keeping children safe. Retrieved May 5, 2015 from, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Gun-Safety-Keeping-Children-Safe.aspx; American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx. Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 101-110.

228 There is strong evidence that having firearms in the home Miller, M., Azrael, D., Hepburn, L., Hemenway, D., & Lippmann, S.J. (2006). The association between changes in household firearm ownership and rates of suicide in the United States, 1981-2002. Injury Prevention, 12, 178-82; “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481

228 About 85% of people who attempt suicide “Case Fatality Ratio by Method of Self-Harm, United States, 2001,” Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/case-fatality/; “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481.

228 When people survive “Attempters’ Longterm Survival,” Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/survival/.

228 Family murder-suicide claims Violence Policy Center, “American Roulette: Murder-suicide in the US,” October, 2015, http://www.vpc.org/studies/amroul2015.pdf.

228 While handguns represent “Crime in the United States 2012,” Federal Bureau of Investigations, https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expandhomicidemain.

229 By 1994, the average caliber American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved November 15, 2015 from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx.

229 Aubrey Peters was a vibrant Huffington Post (2013, December 9). Aubrey Peters, teen hero, 16, fatally shot in Indiana home. Retrieved July 11, 2012 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/09/teen-hero-16-fatally-shot_n_4415549.html.

229 Thus, while deciding whether to place or keep guns American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved November 15, 2015 from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx; American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) Gun safety: Keeping children safe. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Gun-Safety-Keeping-Children-Safe.aspx; Lenny Bernstein, “Gun violence as a public health issue,” WashingtonPost.com, April 10, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/04/10/gun-violence-as-a-public-health-issue/.

230 Most Americans, including gun owners Quinnipiac University Poll, July 3, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 26, 2016 from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/images/polling/us/us07032014_ulps31.pdf.

230 New 2015 data confirm widespread support Barry, C.L., McGinty, E.E., Vernick, J.S., & Webster, D.W. (2015). Two years after Newtown—public opinion on gun policy revisited. Preventive Medicine 79, 55–58; Sorenson, S.B. (2015). Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness. Preventive Medicine 79, 50–54.

230 The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) Gun safety: Keeping children safe. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Gun-Safety-Keeping-Children-Safe.aspx.

230 Also, follow the NRA’s best practices National Rifle Association, NRA Gun Safety Rules, http://training.nra.org/nra-gun-safety-rules.aspx.

231 Have conversations with other parents Is There An Unlocked Gun Where Your Child Plays?, American Association of Pediatrics, Healthychildren.org, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/news/Pages/Is-There-A-Gun-Where-Your-Child-Plays-Asking-Can-Save-Lives.aspx; Reduce the Risk of Gun Injury, Healthychildren.org, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Reduce-the-Risk-of-Gun-Injury.aspx.

231 But children are inherently curious “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481.

231 A 2006 study found that 73% of children Baxley, F. & Matthew, M. (2006). Parental misperceptions about children and firearms. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 542-544.

232 Illinois senator Richard Durbin noted Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 27, Issue 6 1999 Article 7 Child Access Prevention Laws: Keeping Guns Out of Our Children’s Hands, Rachel Shaffer, pp. 2004-2005. Retrieved from http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=ulj.

233 Keeping firearms locked up “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416.

233 Unfortunately, many gun owners Cook and Ludwig, “Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms, “US Department of Justice, May 1997, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdf

233 In households with children, another study found Schuster, M.A., et al. (2000). Firearm storage patterns in U.S. homes with children. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 588-590.

233 A study published in the Archives Guohua Li, et al. (1996). Factor associated with the intent of firearm-related injuries in pediatric trauma patients. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 150, 1160-1162.

233 Someone appears to be in crisis McGinty, E. E., Frattaroli, S., MPH, Appelbaum, P. S., et al. (2014). Using research evidence to reframe the policy debate around mental illness and guns: Process and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health,104:e22–e26. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2014.302171; Dvoskin, J. A., Lowy, J. E., Scrivner, E. M., & Vernick, J. S. (2014, May). Plenary Panel on Gun Violence: A need for community, public health, and legal collaboration. Symposium conducted at Confronting Family and Community Violence: The Intersection of Law and Psychology, Washington, DC.; Hemenway, D., & Solnick, S.J., (2015.) The epidemiology of self-defense gun use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011. Preventive Medicine, 79, 22–27; American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx; “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2481.

233 Deterioration of functioning McGinty, E. E., Frattaroli, S., MPH, Appelbaum, P. S., et al. (2014). Using research evidence to reframe the policy debate around mental illness and guns: Process and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health,104:e22–e26. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2014.302171

234 Someone is impaired Wintemute, G.J., 2015. Alcohol misuse, firearm violence perpetration, and public policy in the United States. Preventive Medicine 79, 15–21.

234 A 2011 study found heavy alcohol use Wintemute, G.J., (2011). Association between firearm ownership, firearm-related risk and risk reduction behaviours and alcohol-related risk behaviours. Injury Prevention, 17, 422-427. doi:10.1136/ip.2010.031443

234 Someone displays warning signs for suicide Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 101-110. “Policy statement: Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population,” American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416.

234 Intimate partner abuse Wiebe, D. J. (2003). Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: A national case-control study. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41(6): 771-782; Bailey, J. E., Kellermann, A. L., Somes, G. W., Banon, J. G., Rivara, F. P., Rushforth, N. P. (1997). Risk factors for violent death of women in the home. Archives of Internal Medicine 157, 777-782; Campbell, J. C., Webster, J., Koziol-McLain, C. R., et al. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multi-site case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1089-1097; Zeoli, A., & Webster, D. (2010). “Effects of domestic violence policies, alcohol taxes and police staffing levels on intimate partner homicide in large US cities,” Injury Prevention, 16, 90-95; Kellermann, A.L., & Mercy, J.A. (1992). Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization. Journal of Trauma, 33, 1-5.

235 It’s important for owners to be aware of laws “Child Access Prevention Policy Summary,” Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, August 1, 2013, http://smartgunlaws.org/child-access-prevention-policy-summary/.

235 Despite this variability Cummings, P., Grossman, D. C., Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D. (1997). State gun safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1084-6.

235 In 2014, 50 children under Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Data obtained using the WISQAR database on Fatal Injury Data Report 1999 to 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2016 from http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html.

236 Emerging technologies enable guns to become “smart” American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx.

236 Some manufacturers make their triggers Naureckas S.M., Galanter C, Naureckas, E. T., Donovan, M., & Christoffel, K. K. (1995). Children’s and women’s ability to fire handguns. The Pediatric Practice Research Group. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 149, 1318-22.

236 The US General Accounting Office “Accidental shootings: Many deaths and injuries caused by firearms could be prevented,” U.S. General Accounting Office (1991), http://www.gao.gov/products/PEMD-91-9.

237 As the Johns Hopkins Center “The case for gun policy reforms in America,” Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research (October, 2012), http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/publications/WhitePaper020514_CaseforGunPolicyReforms.pdf.

237 In 2005, Congress passed Congressional Research Service, “Summaries for the Child Safety Lock Act of 2005,” govtrack.us, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/hr165/summary.

237 Based on findings that approximately two hundred deaths Chris Woodyard, “NHTSA to require backup cameras on all vehicles. USA Today. April 1, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/03/31/nhtsa-rear-view-cameras/7114531/.

237 The call lasted twenty-seven seconds Kellan Connor, KTLA 5, “Aurora theater audio: 30 Shots in 27 seconds,” KTLA News, January 9, 2013, http://ktla.com/2013/01/09/aurora-theater-audio-30-shots-in-27-seconds/.

238 He had the added advantage Susan Candiotti, “Source: Colorado shooter's rifle jammed during rampage,” CNN.com, July 22, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/us/colorado-shooting-investigation/.

238 A review of 133 mass shootings “Analysis of recent mass shootings,” EverytownResearch.org, August 20, 2015, http://www.Everytown.org/article/analysis-of-mass-shootings/.

238 In contrast, armed with a shotgun Joe Kemp, “Student hailed hero for tackling gunman who opened fire in Seattle Pacific University, killing one,” New York Daily News, June 6, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/student-hailed-hero-tackling-gunman-opened-fire-seattle-pacific-university-killing-article-1.1819485; Crimesider Staff, “Insanity defense eyed in Seattle Pacific Univ. shooting,” Cbsnews.com, June 23, 2014.

239 On April 16, 2007, Virginia Tech gunman Seung-Hui Cho “Massacre at Virginia Tech leaves 32 dead,” History.com, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/massacre-at-virginia-tech-leaves-32-dead; CNN Library, “Virginia Tech Shootings Fast Facts,” CNN.com, March 30, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/31/us/virginia-tech-shootings-fast-facts/.

239 Yet according to Virginia state law Sean Alfano, “Va. Tech Killer Bought 2nd Gun Online,” CBS News.com, April 19, 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/va-tech-killer-bought-2nd-gun-online/.

239 According to the US Department of Justice U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, “Review of ATF’s Project Gunrunner,” November 2010, http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/ATF/e1101.pdf.

239 As of January 2015, seventeen states Everytown for Gun Safety, “Gun background checks reduce crime and save lives,” Everytown.org, January 2015, http://everytown.org/documents/2014/10/background-checks-reduce-crimes-and-save-lives.pdf.

239 Compared to states that don’t “Gun Background Checks Reduce Crime And Save Lives,” Everytown.org, http://everytown.org/documents/2014/10/background-checks-reduce-crimes-and-save-lives.pdf; “Universal Background Checks & the ‘Private’ Sale Loophole Policy Summary,” Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, September 10, 2015, http://smartgunlaws.org/universal-gun-background-checks-policy-summary/.

240 Despite these limitations, the FBI’s Federal Bureau of Investigation National Instant Criminal Background Check System: Federal Denials, pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2015 from https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nics/reports.

240 Studies have found the following groups of people Wintemute, G. J., Wright, M. A., Drake, C. M., & Beaumont, J. J. (2001). Subsequent criminal activity among violent misdemeanants who seek to purchase handguns: Risk factors and effectiveness of denying handgun purchase. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1019–1026; Other references can be found in the corresponding book sections.

240 In June 2014, Quinnipiac University Quinnipiac University Poll, July 3, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 26, 2016 from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/images/polling/us/us07032014_ulps31.pdf.

240 A year earlier, a Gallup Poll Newport, F. (2013, April, 29). Americans wanted background checks to pass senate. Gallup Poll. Retrieved June 6, 2015 from http://www.gallup.com/poll/162083/americans-wanted-gun-background-checks-pass-senate.aspx.

241 Dylann Roof, who Elisha Fieldstadt, “Mistakes in Dylann Roof's background check fuel gun law debate,” NBCNews.com, July 10, 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/dylann-roofs-illegal-gun-purchase-feeds-gun-law-arguments-both-n390321.

241 According to the FBI, these “default-proceed sales,” Criminal Justice Information Services Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Operations 2012, at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nics/reports/2012-operations-report.

241 A 2003 study found Albright, T.L., & Burge, S.K. (2003). Improving firearm storage habits: Impact of brief office counseling by family physicians. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 16, 40-46. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.16.1.40

242 Today, some gun rights advocates David Welna, “Some gun control opponents cite fear of government tyranny,” NPR.org, April 8, 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/04/08/176350364/fears-of-government-tyranny-push-some-to-reject-gun-control.

243 A 1993 study published Kellerman et.al. (1993). Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. The New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1084-1091.

243 A clause in what was called the Dickey Jamieson, J. (2013, February). Gun violence research: History of federal funding freeze. The American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence.aspx.

243 In 2009, a study published Branas, C.C., Richmond, T.S., Culhane, D. P., Ten Have, T.T., & Wiebe, D.J. (2009). Investigating the link between gun possession and gun assault. American Journal of Public Health, 99, pp. 2034-2040. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143099; Jamieson, J. (2013, February). Gun violence research: History of federal funding freeze. The American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 26, 2016 from http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence.aspx.

244 In 2014, there were nearly as many deaths Report generated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WISQARS database, Fatal Injury Reports, National and Regional, 1999 – 2014, http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html.

244 The federal government spends Jay Dickey and Mark Rosenberg, “We won’t know the cause of gun violence until we look for it,” The Washington Post, July 27, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/we-wont-know-the-cause-of-gun-violence-until-we-look-for-it/2012/07/27/gJQAPfenEX_story.html.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

Child Sexual Abuse and How to Prevent Abduction

245 “One missing child…” John Walsh Quotes, brainyquote.com, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/johnwalsh187485.html.

245 There were almost 460,000 reports “Key Facts,” National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, Missingkids.org, 2015, http://www.missingkids.com/KeyFacts.

245 Based on the most comprehensive study Andrea J. Sedlak, David Finkelhor, Heather Hammer, and Dana J. Schultz, “National Estimates of Missing Children: An Overview,” October 2002, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/196465.pdf; Finkelhor, jDavid; Hammer, Heather and Sedlack, Andrea J. Nonfamily abducted children: National estimates and characteristics. Juvenile Justice Bulletin – NCJ196467, (pgs.1-16). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/MC19.pdf.

246 Only about 0.01% of missing children David Finkelhor, “Five myths about missing children,” May 10, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-missing-children/2013/05/10/efee398c-b8b4-11e2-aa9e-a02b765ff0ea_story.html.

246 Response systems have greatly Barbara Goldberg, “Missing children in U.S. nearly always make it home alive,” April 26, 2012, Reuters.com, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-missing-children-idUSBRE83P14020120426.

246 Children of all ages, including teenagers Finkelhor, David; Hammer, Heather and Sedlack, Andrea J. Nonfamily abducted children: National estimates and characteristics. Juvenile Justice Bulletin – NCJ196467, (pgs.1-16). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/MC19.pdf.

246 The following recommendations were adapted “Parents Guide to Preventing Child Abduction,” Illinois State Police, isp.state.il.us, http://www.isp.state.il.us/crime/caparentsguide.cfm; “Parent Tips,” KidSmartz.org (2014), http://www.kidsmartz.org/ParentTips; “Neighborhood Safety Tips For Parents,” National Crime Prevention Council, ncpc.org, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/home-and-neighborhood-safety/neighborhood-safety; Clint Van Zandt, “How to Protect Kids from Predators, Kidnappers,” Today Parents, today.com, October 23, 2009, http://www.today.com/parents/how-protect-kids-predators-kidnappers-2D80555715.

248 Many experts say that you can consider “Is your Preteen Ready to Stay Home Alone or to Watch Younger Siblings?,” WebMD (October 1, 2014), http://www.webmd.com/parenting/home-alone-or-watching-younger-siblings.

248 Kids who are home alone “Children at Home Alone,” Child Care Resource Service (2009), http://ccrs.illinois.edu/parents/childrenathomealone.html.

249 While making your decision, consider the safety Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013). Leaving your child home alone. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/homealone.pdf.

249 Regarding after-school safety “Back to School Tips,” American Academy of Pediatrics website (September 1, 2014), https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/pages/Back-to-School-Tips.aspx.

249 High risk times for abductions are “Parent Tips,” KidSmartz.org (2014), http://www.kidsmartz.org/ParentTips.

249 In terms of pedestrian safety “At What Age Can Children Walk to School by Themselves?,” National Center for Safe Routes to School, http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/program-tools/what-age-can-children-walk-school-themselves.

250 If your child is missing, the first three hours Ashli-Jade Douglas, “Crimes Against Children Spotlight Child Abduction Rapid Deployment (CARD) Team,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Federal Bureau of Investigations (November 2011), https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/november/crimes-against-children-spotlight-child-abduction-rapid-deployment-card-team.

252 The most important thing is that kids fight “Child Abduction,” KidSmartz.org (2014), http://www.kidsmartz.org/ChildAbduction

254 In 2003, nine-year-old Jeannette Tamayo Michael Mendelsohn and Miguel Sancho, “Jeannette Tamayo: How Did She Escape Her Kidnapper?” ABCNews.go.com, July 14, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/2020/jeannette-tamayo-escape-kidnapper/story?id=14062737.

254 If children are not able to escape abduction Ibid.

255 Many parents find choosing a child care “Tip Sheet: Safety in Daycare and Education Settings,” StopItNow.org, http://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/tip-sheet-2.

256 Sexual abuse is “Child Sexual Abuse,” American Humane Association, http://www.americanhumane.org/children/stop-child-abuse/fact-sheets/child-sexual-abuse.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/.

256 It harms children in multiple Jenny, C., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., and Committee On Child Abuse And Neglect (2013). Clinical report: The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 132(2), e558-e567. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1741

256 It’s estimated that one in five “Child Sexual Abuse Statistics,” The National Center for Victims of Crime (2012), http://www.victimsofcrime.org/media/reporting-on-child-sexual-abuse/child-sexual-abuse-statistics.

257 This is a violent crime that most often occurs to children at home “Tip Sheet: Safety in Daycare and Education Settings,” StopItNow.org, http://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/tip-sheet-2.

257 Here are suggestions for teaching children Colette Bouchez, “Protecting Your Child from Sex Abuse,” http://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/protecting-child-sex-abuse?page=2

257 Out of the measures commonly taught Leclerc, B., Wortley, R., & Smallbone, S. (2011). Victim resistance in child sexual abuse: A look into the efficacy of self- protection strategies based on the offender’s experience. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1868–1883. doi: 10.1177/0886260510372941

258 Tell teens that molesters may offer drugs “Sexual Abuse,” HealthyChildren.org (May 5, 2015), http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Sexual-Abuse.aspx.

258 Make sure they get enough positive, warm attention at home Stephen W. Smallbone and Richard K. Wortley. Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Australian Institute of Criminology. No. 193. February, 2001. http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi193.pdf.

258 Most child sexual abusers know “Sexual Abuse,” HealthyChildren.org (May 5, 2015), http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Sexual-Abuse.aspx; Stephen W. Smallbone and Richard K. Wortley. Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Australian Institute of Criminology. No. 193. February, 2001, http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi193.pdf

258 Here are some of the characteristics of adults “Tip Sheet: Behaviors to Watch for When Adults are with Children,” StopItNow.org, http://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/tip-sheet-20; Stephen W. Smallbone and Richard K. Wortley. Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Australian Institute of Criminology. No. 193. February, 2001. http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi193.pdf.

259 The following is information adapted “Parent Tips for Preventing and Identifying Child Sexual Abuse,” American Psychological Association, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/pages/Parent-Tips-for-Preventing-and-Identifying-Child-Sexual-Abuse.aspx; Child Sexual Abuse, Guidelines for Medico-Legal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence, Chapter 7, World Health Organization; Tip Sheet: Age-Appropriate Sexual Behavior, StopItNow!.org, http://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/tip-sheet-23; “Sexual Abuse,” HealthyChildren.org (May 5, 2015), http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Sexual-Abuse.aspx.

261 According to research, there are common Stephen W. Smallbone and Richard K. Wortley. Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Australian Institute of Criminology. No. 193. February, 2001. http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi193.pdf.

261 A sexually transmitted infection World Health Organization (2003). “Chapter 7: Child Sexual Abuse” in Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/resources/publications/en/guidelines_chap7.pdf.

261 If your child tells you “Parent Tips for Preventing and Identifying Child Sexual Abuse,” American Academy of Pediatrics website (November 2011), https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/pages/Parent-Tips-for-Preventing-and-Identifying-Child-Sexual-Abuse.aspx.